LEFSe analysis and Differential abundance analysis in lactulose rhamnose ratio categories.

(A) LEfSe (linear discriminant analysis Effect Size) analysis of gut microbiome in the study participants with high and low lactulose rhamnose ratio (LRR). (B) Differentially abundant microbial pathways (KEGG) predicted in study participants with high LRR using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) Effect Size (LEfSe) tool. (C) Differentially abundant microbial enzymes (EC terms) predicted in study participants with high LRR using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) Effect Size (LEfSe) tool. (D) Differentially abundant microbial MetaCyc pathways predicted in study participants with high LRR using the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) Effect Size (LEfSe) tool. An LDA cut-off score of 2 or greater and unadjusted p-value threshold of 0.05 was used to report the significant findings. (XLSX)