IFN-? and TNF-a drive a CXCL10+ CCL2+ macrophage phenotype expanded in severe COVID-19 lungs and inflammatory diseases with tissue inflammation

We explored how the human macrophages response to different inflammatory factors, focusing particularly on the effects of antiviral interferons (IFN-beta and IFN-gamma), pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, and other mediators like IL-4. Co-cultured fibroblasts were a component in some conditions to generate factors produced by resident stroma. We used a single-cell antibody-based hashing strategy to multiplex samples from different stimulatory conditions in one sequencing run. This macrophage transcriptomic data reveals distinct macrophage activation states and polarizations shaped by different tissue-related inflammatory conditions at single-cell resolution. We further performed an unbiased integration between tissue-level macrophages and this stimulated human blood-derived... (for more see dbGaP study page.)