Elevational differences in developmental plasticity determine phenological responses of grasshoppers to recent climate warming

Annual species may increase reproduction by increasing adult body size through extended development, but risk being unable to complete development in seasonally limited environments. Synthetic reviews indicate that most, but not all, species have responded to recent climate warming by advancing the seasonal timing of adult emergence or reproduction. Here, we show that 50 years of climate change have delayed development in high-elevation, season-limited grasshopper populations, but advanced development in populations at lower elevations. Developmental delays are most pronounced for early-season species, which might benefit most from delaying development when released from seasonal time constraints. Rearing experiments confirm that population, elevation and temperature interact to determine development time. Population differences in developmental plasticity may account for variability in phenological shifts among adults. An integrated consideration of the full life cycle that considers l...一年生物种可通过延长发育周期以增大成虫体型，进而提升繁殖成效，但此举存在于季节受限生境中无法完成发育的风险。综合综述 (synthetic reviews) 表明，多数（而非全部）物种已对近期气候变暖做出响应，通过提前成虫羽化 (adult emergence) 或繁殖的季节物候期以适应变化。本研究显示，50年的气候变化已导致高海拔、季节受限的蝗虫种群发育延迟，但低海拔种群的发育则有所提前。季节早期物种的发育延迟现象最为显著，这类物种在摆脱季节时间约束后，可从发育延迟中获取最大收益。饲养实验证实，种群、海拔与温度三者的交互作用决定了发育时长。种群间发育可塑性 (developmental plasticity) 的差异，或可解释成虫间物候转变 (phenological shifts) 的异质性。对完整生命周期进行综合考量，该考量需纳入[原文未完整呈现的内容]。