Main issues addressed in Indonesian regulations on mangrove governance that remain in force from 1990 to 2025

Adapting Arksey and O’Malley’s (2005) scoping framework, we reviewed Indonesian national blue carbon policy (1990–2025). We queried the the Government of Indonesia’s legal portal (https://peraturan.bpk.go.id/) using "karbon" and "mangrove", supplemented by snowball sampling and website audits, filtering results by five strict criteria to map regulatory gaps and conflicts across the value chain.