Seismic resilience evaluation of double-pier bridge substructures with delay time consideration

Traditional bridges rely on ductile seismic design and hysteretic energy dissipation, followed by repairs to restore service. Double-pier bridge substructures are statically indeterminate; under transverse excitation, pier stresses hinder selecting damage indices, limiting seismic resilience evaluation. This study investigates a double-pier bridge using a Copula function to quantify correlations and incorporate them into vulnerability analysis and seismic resilience assessment. Functional loss and repair time are calculated from correlated vulnerabilities under three functional recovery functions. Assuming repair time is proportional to delay time, exponential- and trigonometric-based resilience methods yield a specific resilience value for identifying damage states and comparing recovery functions.