Tolerant and despotic macaques show divergent temperament but similar theory of mind

The social intelligence hypothesis proposes that the demands of social life shape the evolution of cognition, but different aspects of social interactions may be relevant. To test how competitive versus cooperative interactions shape social cognition, we assessed multiple metrics of social cognition in Barbary macaques (Macaca sylvanus, n = 40) and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, n = 60). These closely related species have similar social organization, but diverge in social styles: Barbary macaques are more tolerant, whereas rhesus macaques are more despotic. Monkeys completed a battery of experimental tasks measuring gaze-following (co-orienting with others); knowledge attribution (representing others’ underlying knowledge states); goal attribution (interpreting others’ actions in terms of underlying intentional goals); and temperament (boldness in response to exploring novelty). While the rhesus macaques were more willing to approach a novel object than Barbary macaques, both species ..., , # Tolerant and despotic macaques show divergent temperament but similar theory of mind Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.2fqz61319](10.5061/dryad.2fqz61319) ## Description of the data and file structure This dataset consists of five files (.xlsx format) with the data from this study along with associated R analysis scripts. There is a data file for each individual task the monkeys completed (Gaze, Goal Attribution, Knowledge Attribution, and Temperament) as well as a final file used for analyses of performance across multiple tasks (Cross-Task Relationships). Each task data file includes subject identification; subject characteristics (species, sex, age); relevant experimental variables (trial number, condition); and the response variable of interest (e.g., if monkeys looked up for the Gaze Task, looking time in seconds for Goal Attribution and Knowledge Attribution Tasks; whether they approached for the Temperament Task). Each file includes a key tab where all variables reported in the m...,社会智力假说（social intelligence hypothesis）提出，社会生活的需求塑造了认知的演化，而社会互动的不同维度均可能与此相关。为探究竞争性与合作性互动如何塑造社会认知，本研究对40只巴巴利猕猴（Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus）与60只恒河猴（rhesus macaques, Macaca mulatta）的多项社会认知指标进行了评估。这两个亲缘关系紧密的物种具有相似的社会结构，但社会风格存在显著分化：巴巴利猕猴更为宽容，而恒河猴则更具威权性。猕猴群体完成了成套实验任务，用以测量注视跟随（gaze-following，即与他人协同定向）、知识归因（knowledge attribution，即表征他人潜在的知识状态）、目标归因（goal attribution，即依据潜在的意向性目标解读他人行为）以及气质（temperament，即探索新奇事物时的大胆程度）。尽管恒河猴相较于巴巴利猕猴更愿意接近新奇物体，但两个物种…… # 宽容与威权猕猴表现出趋异的气质但相似的心理理论（theory of mind） 数据集DOI：[10.5061/dryad.2fqz61319] ## 数据与文件结构说明 本数据集包含5个.xlsx格式文件，收录本研究的相关实验数据及配套的R语言分析脚本。其中4个数据文件分别对应猕猴完成的四项独立实验任务：注视任务（Gaze）、目标归因任务（Goal Attribution）、知识归因任务（Knowledge Attribution）以及气质任务（Temperament），另有1个综合文件用于跨任务的行为表现分析（Cross-Task Relationships）。 每项任务的数据文件均包含被试标识信息、被试特征（物种、性别、年龄）、相关实验变量（试次编号、实验条件）以及核心因变量（例如，注视任务中猕猴是否抬头注视、目标归因与知识归因任务的注视时长（秒）、气质任务中猕猴是否接近新奇物体）。每个数据文件均包含一个关键字段表，用于说明研究中报告的所有变量……