BLOOD SUGAR FASTING, POST PRANDIAL AND HBA1C LEVEL CO-RELATIONSHIP IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DIABETES MELLITUS: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by persistent hyperglycemia caused by impairments in insulin secretion leading to severe complications such as retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy and cardiovascular diseases. Effective management of DM requires monitoring three key biomarkers like fasting blood glucose (FBG), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). FBG reflects basal glucose levels controlled by hepatic glucose production, while PPBG assesses glucose regulation after meals, serving as a strong indicator of cardiovascular risk. HbA1c, regarded as the gold standard for long-term glycemic monitoring provides an integrated measure of average glucose levels over 2-3 months. The interplay among these markers is critical for understanding glycemic control dynamics and tailoring effective therapeutic strategies. This review explores their interrelationships, emphasizing the contributions of FBG and PPBG to HbA1c levels and their clinical significance in diagnosing and managing diabetes. It also highlights challenges such as individual variability in glucose metabolism and factors affecting measurement accuracy, alongside emerging technologies like continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) that provide real-time insights for personalized care. By addressing these complexities, the study underscores the importance of a multidimensional approach to optimize outcomes and reduce the burden of diabetes-related complications.