Cilia-driven epithelial folding and unfolding in an early-diverging animal

Multicellular organisms utilize epithelial folding to achieve remarkable three-dimensional forms. During embryonic development, stereotypical epithelial folds emerge from underlying active cellular and molecular processes including cell shape change and differential cell growth. However, the origin of epithelial folding in early animals and how folding may be harnessed in synthetic systems remain open questions. Here we discover a novel modality of behavior-induced epithelial folding and unfolding arising from cilia-substrate adhesion and ciliary walking in the basal animal Trichoplax adhaerens (phylum Placozoa). We show that T. adhaerens is capable of exhibiting dynamic non-stereotyped folding states, providing a novel 3D perspective to an organism previously only characterized in its 2D state. We correlate these folding states to local substrate geometry, revealing that the animal conforms to available substrate surface area, promoting the maintenance of a folded state. Using 4D fluor..., , # Data from: Cilia-driven epithelial folding and unfolding in an early-diverging animal Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.xpnvx0kvd](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.xpnvx0kvd) ## Description of the data and file structure The following datasets were collected in support of the study of cilia-driven folding and unfolding behavior exhibited by the early-diverging animal *Trichoplax adhaerens*. The headings below correspond to zip files included in this dataset. Animal numbering (e.g., \"animal1\") is not preserved throughout the dataset, and only serves to organize data within a given section. #### 1. animal folding on glass capillaries This section contains data from experiments testing *T. adhaerens'* folding state as a function of substrate geometry. Animals were allowed to attach to the surface of a glass capillary of either 1mm or 0.17mm outer diameter, suspended in a dish of artificial sea water. * The directory structure is `[capillary diameter] / [unfolding trial]` * `animal_area_on_...,多细胞生物借助上皮折叠以形成精妙的三维立体形态。在胚胎发育过程中，典型的上皮褶皱源自底层活跃的细胞与分子过程，包括细胞形态改变与差异性细胞生长。然而，早期动物上皮褶皱的起源，以及如何在人工合成系统中利用褶皱机制，仍是尚未解决的科学问题。本研究发现了一种由行为诱导的上皮折叠与解折叠新模式，其源于基底动物黏盘虫（*Trichoplax adhaerens*，扁盘动物门（Placozoa））的纤毛-底物黏附与纤毛爬行。研究表明，黏盘虫可呈现动态的非典型折叠状态，为此前仅以二维形态被研究的该物种提供了全新的三维研究视角。我们将这些折叠状态与局部底物几何特征相关联，揭示出该生物会适配底物可用表面积，从而维持折叠状态。采用4D荧光...，# 数据来自：早期分化动物的纤毛驱动上皮折叠与解折叠 数据集DOI：[10.5061/dryad.xpnvx0kvd](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.xpnvx0kvd) ## 数据与文件结构说明 本数据集收录的数据用于支撑针对早期分化动物黏盘虫（*Trichoplax adhaerens*）纤毛驱动的折叠与解折叠行为的研究。下述标题对应本数据集内的压缩包文件。数据集内未保留统一的动物编号（如"animal1"），编号仅用于对特定章节内的数据进行组织。 ### 1. 玻璃毛细管上的动物折叠实验 本章节收录的实验数据用于探究黏盘虫的折叠状态随底物几何特征的变化规律。实验中，将黏盘虫附着于外径分别为1mm与0.17mm的玻璃毛细管表面，实验体系置于装有人工海水的培养皿中。 * 目录结构为：`[毛细管外径] / [解折叠实验批次]` * `animal_area_on_...,