Short-term responses of spider mites inform mechanisms of maize resistance to a generalist herbivore

Plants are attacked by diverse herbivorous pests with different host specializations. While host plant resistance influences pest pressure, how resistance impacts the behaviors of generalist and specialist herbivores, and the relationship to resistance, is less well known. Here, we investigated the behavioral changes of a generalist herbivore, the two-spotted spider mite (TSM), and a specialist herbivore, the Banks grass mite (BGM), after introduction to no-choice Tanglefoot leaf-arenas (2×2 cm2) of three maize inbred lines (B73, B75, and B96). The widely-used inbred line B73 is susceptible to spider mites, while B75 and B96 are known to be mite resistant, especially to TSM. Video tracking was used to record TSM and BGM walking, probing, feeding, resting, web-building and travel distance on arenas of each line. Mite oviposition was also recorded after 72 hours. B75, a resistant line, decreased the feeding behavior of both mite species compared to B73 (susceptible control) and B96. More..., Maize lines and plant maintenance Plants were grown at Utah State University’s Research Greenhouse and Laboratory, Logan, UT. Three maize inbred lines were selected for the study (B73, B75, and B96). B73 is susceptible to both BGM and TSM , while B75 and B96 have moderate- and high-level resistance to TSM, respectively. Two seeds per pot for each maize inbred line (B73, B75, and B96) were sown in 3.5 L pots filled with soil (Sunshine Mix #3, Sun Gro Horticulture, MA), 8 pots per line, distributed in a complete randomized design. Maize plants were grown under greenhouse-controlled conditions (25±2 °C, 60±5% RH, 16:8 hrs. (L:D) photoperiod) and fertigated at a rate of 4.8 kg/100L of 21N-5P-20K Peters Excel Water Soluble Fertilizer mixture (ICL Specialty Fertilizers, SC, USA) by using drip tape (DIG Corporation, CA, USA; 12.7 mm and 6.35 mm diameter tubing with 3.8 L/hr compensating emitters). At 8 weeks of age, plants were used to evaluate spider mite behavior. Video tracking spider mite..., Data from mite oviposition on maize inbred lines were analyzed using a generalized linear model (Proc Glimmix; SAS 9.4 M4 University edition) within two-way ANOVA that included maize resistance (B73, B75, and B96) and mites (TSM and BGM) as fixed factors. Oviposition data were log transformed to conform to the assumptions of normality and heteroscedasticity. Video recordings (50 min each) were analyzed in 10 min intervals (0 to 10 min, 10 to 20 min, etc.). Proportions of time that each mite spent walking, probing, feeding, and resting within the 10 min intervals were analyzed using a generalized linear model within two-way ANOVA and repeated measures (5 time intervals) with a beta distribution. Data for web-building and travel distance were square-root transformed and analyzed using two-way ANOVA (maize inbred lines) with repeated measures (5 time intervals) using Proc Glimmix., # Short-term responses of spider mites inform mechanisms of maize resistance to a generalist herbivore Author(s) Gunbharpur S. Gill1, Hsuan Bonny Lu2, Huyen Bui3, Richard M. Clark4,5, Ricardo A. Ramirez1* 1Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA. 2Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA. 3R&S Genetic, ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah 84108, USA. 4School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA. 5Henry Eyring Center for Cell and Genome Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA. *Current address: Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology, & Weed Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003, USA. **File list** Gill et al. 2023 mite behavior and eggs.xlsx This data set highlights the spider mite responses of twospotted spider mite and Banks grass mite to maize with varied host plant resistance in the lab. The behavior...植物会受到多种具有不同寄主专化性的植食性害虫的为害。尽管寄主植物抗性会影响害虫的种群压力，但抗性如何影响广食性和专食性植食昆虫的行为，以及其与抗性的关联，目前仍不甚明确。本研究针对广食性植食昆虫——二斑叶螨（two-spotted spider mite, TSM）与专食性植食昆虫——班克草螨（Banks grass mite, BGM），探究其在接入三种玉米自交系（B73、B75与B96）的无选择Tanglefoot叶盘（2×2 cm²）后的行为变化。广泛使用的自交系B73对叶螨敏感，而B75与B96则被证实对叶螨具有抗性，尤其针对二斑叶螨。本研究采用视频追踪技术，记录两种叶螨在各玉米自交系叶盘上的行走、探查、取食、静息、结网行为以及移动距离，并于72小时后记录叶螨的产卵量。与易感对照B73及B96相比，抗性自交系B75会降低两种叶螨的取食行为占比。详见下文：玉米自交系与植株培育 植株种植于犹他州立大学研究温室与实验室（美国犹他州洛根市）。本研究选用三种玉米自交系：B73、B75与B96。其中B73对班克草螨与二斑叶螨均敏感，而B75与B96分别对二斑叶螨具有中等水平与高水平抗性。每个玉米自交系每盆播种2粒种子，种植于装有栽培基质（Sunshine Mix #3，Sun Gro园艺公司，马萨诸塞州）的3.5 L花盆中，每个自交系设置8个重复，采用完全随机设计布置。玉米植株在温室可控条件下培育：温度25±2 ℃，相对湿度60±5%，光周期16:8（昼:夜），并通过滴灌带（美国加利福尼亚州DIG公司；管径12.7 mm与6.35 mm，配备3.8 L/hr补偿式滴头）施用4.8 kg/100L的21N-5P-20K Peters Excel水溶性复合肥（ICL特种肥料公司，南卡罗来纳州，美国）。植株生长至8周龄时，用于叶螨行为评估。 叶螨视频追踪分析…… 针对玉米自交系上的叶螨产卵数据，本研究采用包含玉米抗性（B73、B75、B96）与叶螨种类（TSM、BGM）作为固定因子的双因素方差分析结合广义线性模型（Proc Glimmix；SAS 9.4 M4 大学版）进行统计分析。产卵数据经对数转换以符合正态性与异方差性假设。每份50分钟的视频记录按10分钟为间隔（0~10 min、10~20 min等）进行拆分分析。将每头叶螨在10分钟间隔内用于行走、探查、取食与静息的时间占比，采用双因素方差分析结合广义线性模型及5个时间间隔的重复测量分析，并以beta分布拟合数据。结网行为与移动距离数据经平方根转换后，采用Proc Glimmix进行包含5个时间间隔重复测量的双因素方差分析（以玉米自交系为分组因素）。 # 叶螨的短期响应揭示玉米对广食性植食昆虫的抗性机制 **作者信息** Gunbharpur S. Gill¹, Hsuan Bonny Lu², Huyen Bui³, Richard M. Clark⁴,⁵, Ricardo A. Ramirez¹* ¹美国犹他州洛根市犹他州立大学生物学系，84322。 ²美国犹他州洛根市犹他州立大学运动机能与健康科学系，84322。 ³美国犹他州盐湖城ARUP实验室R&S Genetics部门，84108。 ⁴美国犹他州盐湖城犹他大学生物科学学院，84112。 ⁵美国犹他州盐湖城犹他大学Henry Eyring细胞与基因组科学中心，84112。 *现任地址：美国新墨西哥州拉斯克鲁塞斯新墨西哥州立大学昆虫学、植物病理学与杂草科学系，88003。 **文件列表** Gill等（2023）叶螨行为与产卵数据.xlsx 本数据集聚焦于实验室条件下，二斑叶螨与班克草螨对不同寄主抗性水平玉米的响应，其行为……