Cutaneous manifestations of TSC

Supplementary Figures 1–7 illustrate their features. The prominence of FAFs (Fig. 1, Supplementary Fig. 1), HMs (Supplementary Fig. 2), connective tissue nevi (SHP; Supplementary Fig. 3)—so termed because they are elevated, contrasting patches that reflect only color changes; hence the term “shagreen patch” should be avoided and replaced by the correct terminology “plaque”—FCPs (Supplementary Fig. 4), and UFs (Supplementary Fig. 5) underscores their importance as diagnostic hallmarks.5 FCPs and FEP (Supplementary Fig. 6)—clinically similar to skin tags, while larger, more numerous, and with an earlier onset—were especially common, contrasting earlier reports suggesting lower prevalence.5 Similarly, OFs (Supplementary Fig. 7) and DEPs, although often under-recognized, were frequently detected under examination, emphasizing the need for multidisciplinary evaluation.补充图1至7展示了相关病变的特征。FAFs（图1、补充图1）、HMs（补充图2）、结缔组织痣（SHP；补充图3）——因其为仅表现为颜色改变的隆起性异色斑片而得名，故应避免使用“鲨革样斑”这一术语，改用规范命名“斑块”——、FCPs（补充图4）及UFs（补充图5）的显著检出率，凸显了它们作为诊断标志性体征的重要价值[5]。FCPs与FEP（补充图6）——临床表现与软纤维瘤相似，但体积更大、数量更多且发病年龄更早——尤为常见，这与此前认为其患病率较低的早期报道形成鲜明对比[5]。同样，OFs（补充图7）与DEPs虽常被识别不足，但在检查中常可被检出，这强调了多学科评估的必要性。