Archival Version

The goals of this study were fourfold: Determine if violence, safety and academic achievement are distinct at Texas schools near the Mexico border, accounting for other known school and community factors to be associated with school violence, safety, and academic success as well as the implications for immigrant youth and English Language Learner (ELL) students Determine the effect of a strict school-wide discipline policy on student outcomes such as attendance, test performance, grade promotion, dropout, future discipline involvement, and juvenile justice contact, irrespective of their personal discipline history at schools near the Texas-Mexico border in comparison to other Texas schools as well as the implications for immigrant youth and ELL students Determine the effect of individual school discipline experience on student outcomes such as attendance, test performance, grade promotion, dropout, future discipline involvement, and juvenile justice contact near the Texas-Mexico border in comparison to comparable to other Texas schools as well as the implications for immigrant youth and ELL students Identify combinations of student attributes (i.e., immigrant youth and ELL students) that characterize subtypes of youth at particularly high risk of school discipline and/or juvenile justice contact.