Afrobarometer Survey 2020 - Lesotho

Abstract
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The Afrobarometer is a comparative series of public attitude surveys that assess African citizen's attitudes to democracy and governance, markets, and civil society, among other topics. The surveys have been undertaken at periodic intervals since 1999. The Afrobarometer's coverage has increased over time. Round 1 (1999-2001) initially covered 7 countries and was later extended to 12 countries. Round 2 (2002-2004) surveyed citizens in 16 countries. Round 3 (2005-2006) 18 countries, Round 4 (2008) 20 countries, Round 5 (2011-2013) 34 countries, Round 6 (2014-2015) 36 countries, and Round 7 (2016-2018) 34 countries. The survey covered 34 countries in Round 8 (2019-2021).

Geographic coverage
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National coverage

Analysis unit
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Individual

Universe
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Citizens of Lesotho who are 18 years and older

Kind of data
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Sample survey data [ssd]

Sampling procedure
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Afrobarometer uses national probability samples designed to meet the following criteria. Samples are designed to generate a sample that is a representative cross-section of all citizens of voting age in a given country. The goal is to give every adult citizen an equal and known chance of being selected for an interview. They achieve this by:

• using random selection methods at every stage of sampling;
• sampling at all stages with probability proportionate to population size wherever possible to ensure that larger (i.e., more populated) geographic units have a proportionally greater probability of being chosen into the sample.

The sampling universe normally includes all citizens age 18 and older. As a standard practice, we exclude people living in institutionalized settings, such as students in dormitories, patients in hospitals, and persons in prisons or nursing homes. Occasionally, we must also exclude people living in areas determined to be inaccessible due to conflict or insecurity. Any such exclusion is noted in the technical information report (TIR) that accompanies each data set.

Sample size and design
Samples usually include either 1,200 or 2,400 cases. A randomly selected sample of n=1200 cases allows inferences to national adult populations with a margin of sampling error of no more than +/-2.8% with a confidence level of 95 percent. With a sample size of n=2400, the margin of error decreases to +/-2.0% at 95 percent confidence level.

The sample design is a clustered, stratified, multi-stage, area probability sample. Specifically, we first stratify the sample according to the main sub-national unit of government (state, province, region, etc.) and by urban or rural location.

Area stratification reduces the likelihood that distinctive ethnic or language groups are left out of the sample. Afrobarometer occasionally purposely oversamples certain populations that are politically significant within a country to ensure that the size of the sub-sample is large enough to be analysed. Any oversamples is noted in the TIR.

Sample stages
Samples are drawn in either four or five stages:

Stage 1: In rural areas only, the first stage is to draw secondary sampling units (SSUs). SSUs are not used in urban areas, and in some countries they are not used in rural areas. See the TIR that accompanies each data set for specific details on the sample in any given country.
Stage 2: We randomly select primary sampling units (PSU).
Stage 3: We then randomly select sampling start points.
Stage 4: Interviewers then randomly select households.
Stage 5: Within the household, the interviewer randomly selects an individual respondent. Each interviewer alternates in each household between interviewing a man and interviewing a woman to ensure gender balance in the sample.

To keep the costs and logistics of fieldwork within manageable limits, eight interviews are clustered within each selected PSU.

Lesotho
- Sample size: 1,200
- Sampling Frame: 2020 population projections based on the 2016 Bureau of Statistics Population Census
- Sample design: Nationally representative, random, clustered, stratified, multi-stage area probability sample
- Stratification: District and urban/peri-urban/rural location
- Stages: PSUs (from strata), start points, households, respondents
- PSU selection: Probability Proportionate to Population Size (PPPS)
- Cluster size: 8 households per PSU
- Household selection: Randomly selected start points, followed by walk pattern using 5/10 interval
- Respondent selection: Gender quota filled by alternating interviews between men and women; respondents of appropriate gender listed, after which computer randomly selects individual

Mode of data collection
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Face-to-face [f2f]

Research instrument
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The Round 8 questionnaire has been developed by the Questionnaire Committee after reviewing the findings and feedback obtained in previous Rounds, and securing input on preferred new topics from a host of donors, analysts, and users of the data.

The questionnaire consists of three parts:
1. Part 1 captures the steps for selecting households and respondents, and includes the introduction to the respondent and (pp.1-4). This section should be filled in by the Fieldworker.
2. Part 2 covers the core attitudinal and demographic questions that are asked by the Fieldworker and answered by the Respondent (Q1 – Q100).
3. Part 3 includes contextual questions about the setting and atmosphere of the interview, and collects information on the Fieldworker. This section is completed by the Fieldworker (Q101 – Q123).

Response rate
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Outcome rates:
- Contact rate: 86%
- Cooperation rate: 78%
- Refusal rate: 4%
- Response rate: 67%

Sampling error estimates
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+/- 3% at 95% confidence level

摘要
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阿佛罗巴米特（Afrobarometer）是一项比较性的公共态度调查系列，旨在评估非洲公民对民主与治理、市场以及公民社会等议题的态度。自1999年以来，该调查定期进行。阿佛罗巴米特的覆盖范围随着时间的推移而不断扩大。第1轮（1999-2001年）最初覆盖了7个国家，后来扩展至12个国家。第2轮（2002-2004年）对16个国家的公民进行了调查。第3轮（2005-2006年）覆盖了18个国家，第4轮（2008年）覆盖了20个国家，第5轮（2011-2013年）覆盖了34个国家，第6轮（2014-2015年）覆盖了36个国家，第7轮（2016-2018年）覆盖了34个国家。第8轮（2019-2021年）覆盖了34个国家。

地理覆盖范围
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全国覆盖

分析单元
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个体

总体
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莱索托18岁及以上的公民

数据类型
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样本调查数据 [ssd]

抽样程序
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阿佛罗巴米特采用旨在满足以下标准的国家级概率样本。样本旨在生成一个代表性样本，该样本能够反映一个给定国家所有投票年龄公民的横断面。目标是给予每位成年公民一个相等且已知的被选中接受访谈的机会。他们通过以下方式实现这一目标：

• 在抽样的每个阶段使用随机选择方法；

• 在可能的情况下，在所有阶段按人口比例进行抽样，以确保较大的（即人口较多的）地理单元有更大的概率被选中进入样本。

抽样总体通常包括所有18岁及以上的公民。作为一种标准做法，我们排除了生活在制度化环境中的个人，例如宿舍的学生、医院的病人以及监狱或养老院的囚犯。有时，我们还必须排除由于冲突或不安全而难以到达的地区居住的人。任何此类排除都会在伴随每个数据集的技术信息报告中注明。

样本大小和设计
样本通常包括1,200个或2,400个案例。随机选择的n=1,200个案例允许对全国成年人口进行推断，抽样误差范围为不超过±2.8%，置信水平为95%。当样本量为n=2,400时，误差范围降低至95%置信水平下的±2.0%。

样本设计是一种集群、分层、多阶段、区域概率样本。具体而言，我们首先根据主要次国家级政府单位（州、省、地区等）以及城市或乡村位置对样本进行分层。区域分层降低了独特民族或语言群体被排除在样本之外的可能性。阿佛罗巴米特偶尔会故意对国内政治上具有显著性的某些群体进行过度抽样，以确保子样本的大小足够大，可以进行分析。任何过度抽样都会在技术信息报告中注明。

样本阶段
样本通过四个或五个阶段进行抽取：

阶段1：仅在乡村地区，第一阶段是抽取二级抽样单位（SSU）。SSU在城市地区不使用，在某些国家，它们在乡村地区也不使用。请参阅每个数据集伴随的技术信息报告，以获取任何给定国家的具体样本信息。

阶段2：我们随机选择一级抽样单位（PSU）。

阶段3：然后随机选择抽样起始点。

阶段4：访谈员随后随机选择家庭。

阶段5：在家庭内部，访谈员随机选择一位受访者。每位访谈员在每户家庭中交替进行男性访谈和女性访谈，以确保样本中的性别平衡。为了将实地工作的成本和物流控制在可管理的范围内，每个选定的PSU中集群了八次访谈。

莱索托

- 样本量：1,200

- 抽样框架：基于2016年统计局人口普查的2020年人口预测

- 样本设计：全国代表性、随机、集群、分层、多阶段区域概率样本

- 分层：地区和城市/郊区/乡村位置

- 阶段：PSU（来自层），起始点，家庭，受访者

- PSU选择：按人口比例抽样（PPPS）

- 集群大小：每个PSU 8户家庭

- 家庭选择：随机选择起始点，然后使用5/10间隔的步行模式

- 受访者选择：通过男性和女性交替访谈来填补性别配额；列出适当性别的受访者，然后计算机随机选择个人。

数据收集方式
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面对面 [f2f]

研究工具
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第8轮问卷是在审查了前几轮的调查结果和反馈，并从众多捐助者、分析师和数据使用者那里收集了关于首选新主题的反馈后开发的。

问卷包括三个部分：

1. 第一部分记录了选择家庭和受访者的步骤，包括对受访者的介绍（第1-4页）。本部分应由调查员填写。

2. 第二部分涵盖了调查员提出并由受访者回答的核心态度和人口统计问题（Q1 – Q100）。

3. 第三部分包括关于访谈环境和气氛的背景问题，并收集关于调查员的信息。本部分由调查员填写（Q101 – Q123）。

回应率
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结果率：

- 联系率：86%

- 合作率：78%

- 拒绝率：4%

- 回应率：67%

抽样误差估计
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95%置信水平下的±3%