GC-Net Level 1 historical automated weather station data

GC-Net Level 1 automated weather station data In Memory of Dr. Konrad (Koni) Steffen Author: B. Vandecrux Contact: [e-mail] Last update: 2023-09-01 Citation Steffen, K.; Vandecrux, B.; Houtz, D.; Abdalati, W.; Bayou, N.; Box, J.; Colgan, L.; Espona Pernas, L.; Griessinger, N.; Haas-Artho, D.; Heilig, A.; Hubert, A.; Iosifescu Enescu, I.; Johnson-Amin, N.; Karlsson, N. B.; Kurup Buchholz, R.; McGrath, D.; Cullen, N.J.; Naderpour, R.; Molotch, N.P.; Pederson, A. Ø.; Perren, B.; Philipps, T.; Plattner, G.K.; Proksch, M.; Revheim, M. K.; Særrelse, M.; Schneebli, M.; Sampson, K.; Starkweather, S.; Steffen, S.; Stroeve, J.; Watler, B.; Winton, Ø. A.; Zwally, J.; Ahlstrøm, A., 2023, "GC-Net Level 1 automated weather station data", https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/VVXGUT, GEUS Dataverse, V3 as described and processed by: Vandecrux, B., Box, J. E., Ahlstrøm, A. P., Andersen, S. B., Bayou, N., Colgan, W. T., Cullen, N. J., Fausto, R. S., Haas-Artho, D., Heilig, A., Houtz, D. A., How, P., Iosifescu Enescu, I., Karlsson, N. B., Kurup Buchholz, R., Mankoff, K. D., McGrath, D., Molotch, N. P., Perren, B., Revheim, M. K., Rutishauser, A., Sampson, K., Schneebeli, M., Starkweather, S., Steffen, S., Weber, J., Wright, P. J., Zwally, H. J., and Steffen, K.: The historical Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) curated and augmented Level 1 dataset, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. [preprint], https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-147, in review, 2023. Description The Greenland Climate Network (GC-Net) is a set of Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) set up and managed by the late Prof. Dr. Konrad (Koni) Steffen on the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS). This first station, "Swiss Camp" or the "ETH-CU" camp, was initiated in 1990 by A. Ohmura et al. (1991, 1992) with K. Steffen taking over the site from 1995 and expending the network from that year to 31 stations at 30 sites in Greenland (Steffen et al., 1996, 2001). The GC-Net was supported by multiple NASA, NOAA, and NSF grants throughout the years, and then supported by WSL in the later years. These data were previously hosted by the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) in Boulder, Colorado. Provided in this dataset are the 25 two-level stations from 24 sites on the Greenland ice sheet and 3 experimental stations in Antarctica. The remaining 6 Greenland stations have a different design and will be added once quality checked. Although the GC-Net AWS transmitted their data near-real time through satellite communication, the present dataset was made from uncorrupted datalogger files, retrieved every 1-2 years during maintenance. Full dataset description publication will be forthcoming. The Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) has undertaken the continuation of multiple GC-Net sites through the Programme for Monitoring of the Greenland Ice Sheet (PROMICE.dk). The level 1 data is provided in the newly described csv-compatible NEAD format, which is a csv file with added metadata header. The format is documented at https://doi.org/10.16904/envidat.187 and a python package is available to read and write NEAD files: https://github.com/GEUS-Glaciology-and-Climate/pyNEAD . The GC-Net stations measure:     - Air temperature from four sensors at two heights above the surface     - Relative humidity at two heights above the surface     - Wind speed and direction at two heights above the surface     - Air pressure     - Surface height from two sonic sounders     - Incoming and outgoing shortwave radiation     - Net radiation (long- and short-wave)*     - Firn or ice temperatures at 10 levels below the surface In the L1 dataset, these measurements are cleaned from sensor, station or logger malfunctions, adjusted and/or filtered when and where possible. Additionally, the L1 dataset contains the following derived variables:     - Surface height (corrected from the shifts in sonic sounder height)     - Instrument heights (derived from sonic sounder height and station geometry)     - Inter- or extrapolated temperature, relative humidity and wind speed at respectively 2, 2, and 10 m above the surface     - Estimated depth of the subsurface temperature measurements (adjusted for snow accumulation, ice ablation and instrument replacement)     - Interpolated firn or ice temperature at 10 m below the surface     - Calculated solar an azimuth angles     - Sensible and latent heat fluxes calculated after Steffen and Demaria (1996) Important links: - The level 1 processing scripts and discussion page for Q&A and issue reporting (under "issues" tab) is available at: https://github.com/GEUS-Glaciology-and-Climate/GC-Net-level-1-data-processing - The level 0 data (from which the L1 data was built from) is available at: https://www.doi.org/10.16904/envidat.1. - The compilation of handheld GPS coordinates for each site and for multiple years is available here: Vandecrux, B. and Box, J.E.: GC-Net AWS observed and estimated positions (Version v1) [Data set]. Zenodo....

GC-Net Level 1 自动气象站数据集
纪念康拉德（科尼）·斯特芬博士
作者：B. 万德克鲁克斯
联系方式：[e-mail]
最后更新时间：2023-09-01
引用：斯特芬，K.；万德克鲁克斯，B.；豪茨，D.；阿卜达拉蒂，W.；贝约，N.；博克斯，J.；科尔甘，L.；埃斯波纳·佩尔纳斯，L.；格里辛格，N.；哈斯-阿尔多，D.；海利格，A.；休伯特，A.；约西费斯库·恩塞库，I.；约翰逊-阿明，N.；卡尔松，N. B.；库鲁普·布赫霍茨，R.；麦格拉斯，D.；卡伦，N.J.；纳德普尔，R.；莫洛奇，N.P.；佩德森，A. Ø.；佩伦，B.；菲利普斯，T.；普拉滕，G.K.；普罗克斯，M.；雷维海姆，M. K.；塞雷尔斯，M.；施内贝利，M.；桑普森，K.；斯塔克韦瑟，S.；斯特芬，S.；斯特罗夫，J.；沃特，B.；温顿，Ø. A.；兹瓦利，J.；阿赫斯特罗姆，A.，2023年，《GC-Net Level 1 自动气象站数据集》，https://doi.org/10.22008/FK2/VVXGUT，丹麦和格陵兰地质调查局（GEUS）数据集，V3，由以下人员描述和处理：万德克鲁克斯，B.，博克斯，J. E.，阿赫斯特罗姆，A. P.，安德森，S. B.，贝约，N.，科尔甘，W. T.，卡伦，N. J.，法斯托，R. S.，哈斯-阿尔多，D.，海利格，A.，豪茨，D. A.，豪，P.，约西费斯库·恩塞库，I.，卡尔松，N. B.，库鲁普·布赫霍茨，R.，曼科夫，K. D.，麦格拉斯，D.，莫洛奇，N. P.，佩伦，B.，雷维海姆，M. K.，鲁蒂沙乌瑟，A.，桑普森，K.，施内贝利，M.，斯塔克韦瑟，S.，斯特芬，S.，韦伯，J.，赖特，P. J.，兹瓦利，H. J.，以及斯特芬，K.：历史格陵兰气候网络（GC-Net）整理和增强的Level 1数据集，地球系统科学数据讨论[预印本]，https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2023-147，在审稿中，2023年。
描述：格陵兰气候网络（GC-Net）是一套由已故教授博士康拉德（科尼）·斯特芬在格陵兰冰盖（GrIS）上建立并管理的自动气象站（AWS）。此首个站点，即“瑞士营地”或“ETH-CU”营地，由A. Ohmura等人在1990年发起（1991年，1992年），斯特芬自1995年起接管该站点，并从那年起到1996年和2001年，将网络扩展至格陵兰30个地点的31个站点（斯特芬等，1996年，2001年）。GC-Net在多年间得到了多个NASA、NOAA和NSF基金的资助，并在后期得到了瑞士联邦林业、雪地和水资源研究所（WSL）的支持。这些数据之前由科罗拉多州博尔德的合作环境科学研究所（CIRES）托管。本数据集中提供了来自格陵兰冰盖24个地点的25个双层站点和3个实验站点的数据。剩余的6个格陵兰站点具有不同的设计，将在质量检查后添加。尽管GC-Net AWS通过卫星通信近实时传输数据，但本数据集由无损坏的数据记录器文件组成，这些文件在维护期间每1-2年检索一次。完整的数据集描述出版物将另行发布。
丹麦和格陵兰地质调查局（GEUS）通过格陵兰冰盖监测计划（PROMICE.dk）继续对多个GC-Net站点进行监测。Level 1数据以新描述的与csv兼容的NEAD格式提供，这是一种带有元数据标题的csv文件。格式文档可在https://doi.org/10.16904/envidat.187找到，并有一个Python包可供读取和写入NEAD文件：https://github.com/GEUS-Glaciology-and-Climate/pyNEAD。
GC-Net站点测量的内容包括：
   - 表面以上两个高度的空气温度，由四个传感器提供
   - 表面以上两个高度的相对湿度
   - 表面以上两个高度的风速和风向
   - 空气压力
   - 由两个声纳测得的表面高度
   - 入射和出射的短波辐射
   - 长波和短波净辐射
   - 表面以下10个层次的 Firn 或冰温度
在Level 1数据集中，这些测量值在可能的情况下被清理了传感器、站点或记录器的故障，进行了调整和/或过滤。此外，Level 1数据集还包含以下派生变量：
   - 表面高度（由声纳高度变化校正的修正值）
   - 仪器高度（由声纳高度和站点几何形状推导而来）
   - 分别在表面以上2米、2米和10米处的内插或外推温度、相对湿度和风速
   - 根据雪积累、冰融化和仪器更换调整的地下温度测量估计深度
   - 表面以下10米处的内插 Firn 或冰温度
   - 计算的太阳方位角
   - 根据斯特芬和德玛利亚（1996年）计算的可感热和潜热通量
重要链接：
   - Level 1处理脚本和讨论页面，用于问答和问题报告（在“问题”选项卡下），可在以下网址找到：https://github.com/GEUS-Glaciology-and-Climate/GC-Net-level-1-data-processing
   - Level 0数据（L1数据由此构建），可在以下网址找到：https://www.doi.org/10.16904/envidat.1.
   - 每个站点以及多年来的手持GPS坐标汇编可在此处找到：Vandecrux，B. 和 Box，J.E.：《GC-Net AWS 观测和估计位置》（版本v1）[数据集]。Zenodo...