<b><i>Honey Bees Rely on Associative Stimulus Strength after Training on an Olfactory Transitive Inference Task</i></b>

Transitive inference, the ability to establish hierarchical relationships between stimuli, is typically tested by training with overlapping premise pairs (e.g., A+B-, B+C-, C+D-, D+E-), which establishes a stimulus hierarchy (A &gt; B &gt; C &gt; D &gt; E). When subjects are tested with non-adjacent stimuli (e.g., B vs. D), a preference for B indicates transitive inference, while no preference indicates decisions based on stimulus associative strength, as B and D are equally reinforced. Previous studies with bees and wasps, conducted in an operant context, have shown conflicting results. However, this context allows free movement and the possibility to avoid non-reinforced options, thus reducing the number of non-reinforced trials. To address this, we examined whether honey bees could perform transitive inference using a Pavlovian protocol that fully controls reinforcement. We conditioned bees with five odorants, either forward- or backward-paired with a sucrose solution, across four overlapping discrimination tasks. In all experiments, bees showed no preference for B over D, choosing equally between them, regardless of the training schedule. Our results show that bees' choices were primarily influenced by stimulus associative strength and a recency effect, with greater weight given to the most recent reinforced or non-reinforced stimulus. We discuss these findings in the context of honey bee memory, suggesting that memory constraints may limit cognitive solutions to transitive inference tasks in bees