Joint optimization of irrigation and planting pattern to guarantee seed quality, maximize yield, and save water in hybrid maize seed production

Severe water scarcity necessitates the development of a scientifically informed basis for efficient crop irrigation.Both irrigation and crop planting pattern (the planting dates and the planting ratio for male to female maizeinbred lines) affect the yield components in hybrid maize production. A high kernel weight, which affects seedgermination, is critical in maize seed production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to build a system thatjointly optimizes irrigation and planting pattern (JOIPP) to guarantee a suitable kernel weight, maximizes yield,and saves water. The JOIPP was based on a model which could simulate flowering, predict kernel number andestimate the upper and lower limits of kernel weight based on the evapotranspiration and planting pattern.Parameters in JOIPP were calibrated and validated using data from experiments conducted from 2014 to 2016 inHexi Corridor, northwestern China. A weighted sum method was used to maximize yield and minimize irrigation.A genetic algorithm with a modified initial population generation module was used to solve this optimizationproblem. Results showed that when the minimum lower limit of kernel weight (LowKWmin) increased,there was decreased irrigation at the flowering stage, increased irrigation at the grain-filling stage, less optimalyield and water use efficiency when the available water insufficient. However, the associated risk of seed germinationfailure decreased. The optimized planting pattern, compared with the crop planting pattern used bylocal farmers, increased yield by about 10% and water use efficiency by about 7.3% when LowKWmin was260 mg/kernel. JOIPP is a useful tool that enables farmers and seed companies to save water and improve yieldand seed quality when planting and irrigating maize for hybrid seed production.