Transmission of beneficial yeasts accompanies offspring production in Drosophila – an initial evolutionary stage of insect maternal care through manipulation of microbial load?

Parent-to-offspring transmission of beneficial microorganisms is intimately interwoven with the evolution of social behaviors. Ancestral stages of complex sociality-microbe vectoring interrelationships may be characterized by high costs of intensive parental care and hence only a weak link between the transmission of microbial symbionts and offspring production. We investigate the relationship between yeast symbiont transmission and egg-laying, as well as some general factors thought to drive the 'farming' of microscopic fungi by the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, an insect with no obvious parental care but which is highly dependent on dietary microbes during offspring development. The process of transmitting microbes involves flies ingesting microbes from their previous environment, storing and vectoring them, and finally depositing them in a new environment. This study revealed that fecal materials of adult flies play a significant role in this process, as they contain viable yeas..., Yeast Transmission by Individual Drosophila melanogaster Females: 750 µL of raspberry medium filled in plastic cups placed inside plastic vials. Observations made on mature female flies' residence time, body size, and yeast load. Patch residence time is calculated from entry and exit times. Yeast cells were collected from individual flies' bodies and patches and were quantified using a selective yeast medium and counting colony-forming units (CFU). Transmitted Yeast Fungi as Dietary Symbionts: Axenic larvae prepared from freshly laid D. melanogaster eggs. Larvae were individually placed in vials with sterile raspberry medium inoculated with specific yeast solutions. Yeast isolates included Hanseniaspora uvarum, Pichia terricola, Wickerhamomyces pijperi, Candida californica, Starmerella bacilaris, and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Survival of larvae to adulthood was observed for each treatment. The Crop as a Potential Storage Organ of Symbiotic Yeast Fungi: Upon emergence, the flies wer..., 1. Yeast transmission by individual Drosophila melanogaster females Investigated the relationship between yeast symbiont transmission and egg laying in Drosophila melanogaster. Found that egg-laying females transmitted more yeast cells, suggesting a connection between symbiont transmission and offspring production. Data Description: Excel file with raw data including sample details, patch residence time, egg count, yeast counts from the patch and fly, and wing length as a proxy for fly size. 2. Transmitted yeast fungi as dietary symbionts Tested whether yeast fungi transmitted by individual Drosophila melanogaster females serve as dietary symbionts. Examined the survival of larvae in different treatments (control and various yeast species). Data Description: Data indicating the survival of larvae in different treatments, including control and specific yeast species. 3. The crop as a potential storage organ of symbiotic yeast fungi Explored the potential of the crop...有益微生物的亲子代传递与社会行为的演化紧密交织。复杂社会性-微生物介导互作的祖先阶段，可能以强化双亲照料的高成本为特征，因此微生物共生体传递与子代产出之间仅存在微弱关联。本研究探讨了酵母共生体传递与产卵行为之间的关联，以及被认为推动黑腹果蝇（Drosophila melanogaster）培育微观真菌的若干通用因素——这类昆虫虽无明显双亲照料行为，但在子代发育阶段高度依赖膳食中的微生物。微生物传递过程包括果蝇从既往环境中摄取微生物、储存并介导其传播，最终将其沉积于新环境中。本研究发现，成虫的粪便在该过程中发挥重要作用，因其含有存活的酵母……**黑腹果蝇雌性个体的酵母传递研究：** 将750微升覆盆子培养基注入置于塑料管内的塑料杯中。 针对成熟雌性果蝇的停留时长、体型及酵母载量开展观测。 斑块停留时长通过果蝇的进入与离开时间计算得出。 从单只果蝇体表及培养基斑块中收集酵母细胞，采用选择性酵母培养基并通过菌落形成单位（CFU，colony-forming unit）计数法进行定量。 **作为膳食共生体的传递酵母真菌：** 从刚产下的黑腹果蝇卵中制备无菌幼虫。 将单只幼虫置于添加了特定酵母溶液的无菌覆盆子培养基试管中。 所用酵母分离株包括葡萄汁有孢汉逊酵母（Hanseniaspora uvarum）、土壤毕赤酵母（Pichia terricola）、皮氏魏克汉姆酵母（Wickerhamomyces pijperi）、加州假丝酵母（Candida californica）、杆状星玫酵母（Starmerella bacilaris）以及酿酒酵母（Saccharomyces cerevisiae）。 观测各处理组幼虫的成虫羽化存活率。 **作为共生酵母真菌潜在储存器官的嗉囊：** 成虫羽化后，果蝇……**1. 黑腹果蝇雌性个体的酵母传递** 探究了黑腹果蝇酵母共生体传递与产卵行为之间的关联。 研究发现产卵雌性果蝇传递的酵母细胞更多，提示共生体传递与子代产出之间存在关联。 **数据说明：** 包含原始数据的Excel文件，内容涵盖样本详情、斑块停留时长、产卵数、培养基斑块与果蝇体表的酵母计数，以及作为体型替代指标的翅长。 **2. 作为膳食共生体的传递酵母真菌** 验证黑腹果蝇雌性个体传递的酵母真菌是否可作为膳食共生体。 观测不同处理组（对照组与不同酵母物种组）的幼虫存活率。 **数据说明：** 记录不同处理组（对照组与特定酵母物种组）幼虫存活率的数据集。 **3. 作为共生酵母真菌潜在储存器官的嗉囊** 探究了嗉囊作为共生酵母真菌储存器官的潜在可能性……