Plant-phenotypic changes induced by parasitoid ichnoviruses enhance the performance of both unparasitized and parasitized caterpillars

There is increasing awareness that interactions between plants and insects can be mediated by microbial symbionts. Nonetheless, evidence showing that symbionts associated with organisms beyond the second trophic level affect plant-insect interactions are restricted to a few cases belonging to parasitoid-associated bracoviruses. Insect parasitoids harbor a wide array of symbionts which, like bracoviruses, can be injected into their herbivorous hosts to manipulate their physiology and behavior. Yet, the function of these symbionts in plant-based trophic webs remains largely overlooked. Here we provide the first evidence of a parasitoid-associated symbiont belonging to the group of ichnoviruses which affects the strength of plant-insect interactions. A comparative proteomic analysis shows that, upon parasitoid injection of calyx fluid containing ichnovirus particles, the composition of salivary glands of caterpillars changes both qualitatively (presence of two viral-encoded proteins) an...学界日益认识到，植物与昆虫的互作可由微生物共生菌（microbial symbionts）介导。然而，目前能够证明超出第二营养级（second trophic level）的生物所关联的共生菌可影响植物-昆虫互作的证据，仅局限于少数与寄生蜂相关的茧蜂病毒（parasitoid-associated bracoviruses）相关的案例。昆虫寄生蜂携带着丰富多样的共生菌，与茧蜂病毒类似，这类共生菌可被注入其植食性宿主（herbivorous hosts）体内，以调控宿主的生理与行为。但此类共生菌在植物介导的营养网（plant-based trophic webs）中的功能，在很大程度上仍未得到充分研究。 本研究首次提供了一类属于齿腿蜂病毒（ichnoviruses）类群的寄生蜂相关共生菌能够影响植物-昆虫互作强度的证据。比较蛋白质组学分析（comparative proteomic analysis）显示，当寄生蜂注入含有齿腿蜂病毒粒子的萼液（calyx fluid）后，毛虫的唾液腺（salivary glands）组成会发生定性与定量的双重改变（出现两种病毒编码蛋白）并...