Current challenges and future perspectives of drug discovery in China

China’s pharmaceutical industry, which is historically centered around generic medicines, has largely transformed from imitation to innovation over the past three decades. Despite unprecedented progress, critical challenges remain such as insufficient indigenous research funding, underdeveloped academia-industry relationships, and significant barriers to market access. This perspective examines the evolving pharmaceutical landscape of China, focusing on its participation in global clinical trials and the resultant new drug approvals. Data for this analysis was sourced from several databases (e.g. PharmCube, NextPharma, and PharmaGO), academic reports, and published literature, covering data up to 2024 (unless otherwise specified). This perspective highlights ongoing regulatory challenges, such as inconsistencies in product standards, and the approval processes relative to the U.S.A. and the European Union. There is also an urgent demand for sustained international investment and recognition, partially due to the recent changes in the geopolitical environment. This perspective also discusses China’s efforts to implement accelerated approval pathways and foster multilateral development collaborations. China must align its regulatory policies more closely to the international norm to generate robust trial data that will be readily acceptable to the FDA and EMA. Continued investment in biologics as well as cell and gene therapy and artificial intelligence will drive innovation and enhance competitiveness. Additionally, strengthening the academia-industry collaboration is crucial to obtaining new leads through translational research. Ultimately, structural reforms are required to solidify the country’s goal of becoming a major player in the global pharmaceutical market.