Root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination (R2) and F-test (F) for the model fitting to the data.

SW: Spring warming model; TP: Temperature-precipitation based leafing model; AM: Alternating model; SM: Sequential model; PM: Parallel model. m: parameterized starting date for SW, TP and AM, all parameters estimated for SM and PM; n: fixed starting date for SW, TP and AM, section parameters estimated for SM and PM. PSM=Salix matsudana; PUP=Ulmus pumila; PAV=Armeniaca vulgaris; PPS=Populus simonii; PSO=Syringa oblate; PPNK=Pinus koraiensis; PLD=Larix dahurica; PPCK=Picea koraiensis; XLC=Leymus chinensis in Xilinhot; XSK=Stipa krylovii; ELC=Leymus chinensis in Ewenki; ESB=Stipa baicalensis; HAC=Agropyron cristatum; HED=Elymus dahuricus.*: P**: P***: P