Supplementary file 1_Integration of genetic data into the taxonomy of Meloidogyne konaensis necessitates the designation of Meloidogyne paranaensis as its junior synonym, and reveals a previously misclassified taxa from Brazil, Meloidogyne pseudokonaensis n. sp..zip

Accurate taxonomy is critical for correct diagnosis, effective regulation, host- resistance deployment, and informed management of root-knot nematodes. Recent genetic evidence indicates that several species within the Meloidogyne incognita group (MIG) require taxonomic revision. Our review of published diagnostic characters, combined with examination of a topotype culture of M. konaensis from coffee in Hawaii and preserved Brazilian specimens identified as M. paranaensis, shows that these taxa are indistinguishable morphologically, biochemically, and genetically. These findings support treating M. paranaensis as conspecific with M. konaensis. In contrast, a Brazilian Meloidogyne population referred to in the literature as M. konaensis differs markedly from true M. konaensis in morphology, biochemistry, genetics, and host range, indicating that the nematode was misidentified. Diagnostic features published for this misapplied taxon are sufficient to recognize it as a distinct species, and we herein designate it as M. pseudokonaensis n. sp. The longstanding confusion between M. konaensis, M. paranaensis, and the misidentified Brazilian population has hindered regulatory decision-making, disrupted resistance-breeding programs, and complicated the interpretation of research results. The taxonomic revisions proposed here resolve these inconsistencies, align nomenclature with biological reality, and provide a clearer framework for regulation, diagnosis, and management of MIG species.