Persistent monsoonal forcing of Mediterranean Outflow dynamics during the late Pleistocene

The mode and vigor of the global oceanic circulation critically depend on the salinity of (sub)surface water masses advected to the loci of deep-water formation. Within the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), an important supplier of high-salinity waters is the Mediterranean Outflow Water (MOW), discharging into the North Atlantic via the Strait of Gibraltar. Despite its importance for the North Atlantic salinity budget, the long-term dynamics of MOW production have remained poorly understood. Here we present high-resolution records of bottom-current velocity from three drill sites within the Gulf of Cádiz that document a persistent low-latitude forcing of MOW flow speed over the past ~150 k.y. We demonstrate that the African monsoon is the predominant driver of orbital-scale MOW variability via its influence on the freshwater budget of the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Consequently, MOW formation fluctuates in concert with orbital precession overprinted by centennial-scale oscillations of high-latitude origin. We further document that Northern Hemisphere summer insolation minima stimulate maximal injection of MOW-derived salt into the North Atlantic, likely strengthening the intermediate AMOC branch. The direct coupling of MOW dynamics to low-latitude climate forcing represents a hitherto neglected process for propagating (sub)tropical climate signals into the high northern latitudes.