Supplementary material from: Deep divergences among inconspicuously colored clades of Epipedobates poison frogs

Poison frogs (Dendrobatidae) are famous for their aposematic species,
having a combination of diverse color patterns and defensive skin toxins,
yet most species in this family are inconspicuously colored and considered
non-aposematic. Epipedobates is among the youngest genus-level clades of
Dendrobatidae that includes both aposematic and inconspicuous species.
Using Sanger-sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear markers, we demonstrate
deep genetic divergences among inconspicuous species of Epipedobates but
relatively shallow genetic divergences among conspicuous species. Our
phylogenetic analysis includes broad geographic sampling of the
inconspicuous lineages typically identified as E. boulengeri and E.
espinosai, which reveals two putative new species, one in west-central
Colombia (E. sp. 1) and the other in north-central Ecuador (E. aff.
espinosai). We conclude that E. darwinwallacei is a junior subjective
synonym of E. espinosai. We also clarify the geographic distributions of
inconspicuous Epipedobates species including the widespread E. boulengeri.
We provide a qualitative assessment of the phenotypic diversity in each
nominal species, with a focus on the color and pattern of inconspicuous
species. We conclude that Epipedobates contains eight known valid species,
six of which are inconspicuous. A relaxed molecular clock analysis
suggests that the most recent common ancestor of Epipedobates is ~11.1
million years old, which nearly doubles previous estimates. Last, genetic
information points to a center of species diversity in the Chocó at the
southwestern border of Colombia with Ecuador. A Spanish translation of
this text is available in the supplementary materials.