Multi-site glyphosate effects on the wheat rhizobiome on the Canadian prairies

We conducted a four-year (2014-2016) study in which we consecutively applied glyphosate to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), field pea (Pisum sativum L.), canola (Brassica napus L.), at five sites in the Canadian prairies. The glyphosate rates were 0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 kg ae per ha, applied pre-seeding every year. The wheat rhizosphere was sampled in the final year of the study and analysed for microbial biomass C (MBC), the composition and diversity of the microbiome, and activities of beta-glucosidase, N-acetyl-beta-glucosiminidase, acid phosphomonoesterase and arylsulphatase.