Data from: Phenotypic interactions between tree hosts and invasive forest pathogens in the light of globalization and climate change

Invasive pathogens can cause considerable damage to forest ecosystems. Lack of coevolution is generally thought to enable invasive pathogens to bypass the defence and/or recognition systems in the host. Although mostly true, this argument fails to predict intermittent outcomes in space and time, underlining the need to include the roles of the environment and the phenotype in host–pathogen interactions when predicting disease impacts. We emphasize the need to consider host–tree imbalances from a phenotypic perspective, considering the lack of coevolutionary and evolutionary history with the pathogen and the environment, respectively. We describe how phenotypic plasticity and plastic responses to environmental shifts may become maladaptive when hosts are faced with novel pathogens. The lack of host–pathogen and environmental coevolution are aligned with two global processes currently driving forest damage: globalization and climate change, respectively. We suggest that globalization and climate change act synergistically, increasing the chances of both genotypic and phenotypic imbalances. Short moves on the same continent are more likely to be in balance than if the move is from another part of the world. We use Gremmeniella abietina outbreaks in Sweden to exemplify how host–pathogen phenotypic interactions can help to predict the impacts of specific invasive and emergent diseases. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Tackling emerging fungal threats to animal health, food security and ecosystem resilience’.入侵性病原体（invasive pathogens）可对森林生态系统造成严重破坏。学界普遍认为，缺乏协同进化（coevolution）会使入侵性病原体得以绕过宿主的防御和/或识别系统。尽管这一论断大多成立，但它无法预测时空上的间歇性病害发生情况，这凸显出在预测病害影响时，需将环境与表型（phenotype）在宿主-病原体互作中的作用纳入考量范围。我们强调需从表型视角审视林木宿主的失衡问题，分别对应其与病原体缺乏协同进化史、与环境缺乏进化史的情形。我们阐释了当宿主遭遇新型病原体时，表型可塑性（phenotypic plasticity）以及对环境变化的塑性响应如何可能变得适应不良。宿主与病原体间缺乏协同进化、宿主与环境间缺乏协同进化这两种情形，分别对应当前驱动森林破坏的两大全球进程：全球化与气候变化。我们认为，全球化与气候变化可协同发挥作用，提升宿主出现基因型与表型失衡的概率。在同一大陆内的短距离迁移传播，相较于从世界其他地区跨大陆的传播，更易维持宿主与病原体间的平衡状态。我们以瑞典发生的松穴壳菌（Gremmeniella abietina）疫情为例，阐释宿主-病原体的表型互作如何助力预测特定入侵性与新发病害的影响。 本文隶属于专题刊“应对威胁动物健康、粮食安全与生态系统恢复力的新发真菌病害”。