Characterization of E. coli and Salmonella competition for D-galactose in a murine model

Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Tm) is a major cause of gastrointestinal diseases worldwide. To date, options for prevention or curative therapy remain limited. The gut microbiota plays a protective role against enteric diseases, particularly in preventing establishment and proliferation of S. Tm. While most research has focused on microbiota-mediated pathogen exclusion during the later, inflammation-dominated stages of infection, little is known about how microbiota members mitigate S. Tm early gut colonization. To address this gap, we conducted in vivo competitive experiments using S. Tm and different commensal E. coli strains. We observed a significant reduction in pathogen load, which was strain-specific and particularly evident with E. coli 8178. To investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms, we conducted an in vivo screen using a S. Tm mutant library, which includes a wide range of carbohydrate utilization mutants, both in the absence and presence of E. coli strains. Our findings revealed that E. coli 8178-mediated S. Tm competition was driven by the exploitation of galactose during the early stage of infection. Identifying galactose as a key metabolite in pathogen exclusion by gut microbiota members enhances our mechanistic understanding of microbiota-mediated protection and opens new avenues for developing microbiota- and dietary-based strategies to better control intestinal infections.