Analyzing coastal fog effects on carbon and water fluxes in a California agricultural system using approaches in biometeorology, remote sensing, and plant physiology

In coastal California, the peak growing season of economically important
crops is concurrent with fog events, which buffer drought stress during
the dry season. Coastal fog patterns are changing, so we quantified its
effects on the energy, water, and carbon fluxes of an economically
important cropland at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Our study site
was a strawberry farm located in the fog-belt of the Salinas Valley,
California. We used GOES-satellite total albedo to detect and quantify
large scale patterns of coastal fog. We used eddy covariance (EC) to
quantify actual evapotranspiration and gross primary productivity (GPP) at
the field scale from July-September 2016. We measured canopy-scale
strawberry physiology on foggy and non-foggy days within the measurement
footprint of the EC tower. Downwelling longwave radiation (L↓), observed
by a surface-mounted pyrgeometer, was consistently higher on foggy
compared to clear-sky days (regardless of fog-drip), indicating that
emission of longwave radiation was derived almost entirely from the cloud
base. L↓ and total GOES albedo were positively and strongly correlated
(R2=0.68, P<0.01). For both field- and canopy-levels, water-use and
light-use efficiency increased by as much as 50% and 70%, respectively,
during foggy compared to non-foggy conditions. The initial slope of the
curvilinear relationship fit between GPP and photosynthetically active
radiation was twice as steep during foggy (α=0.0395) than non-foggy
(α=0.0210) conditions, suggesting that the scattering of light during fog
events enhances photosynthetic output of whole-plants. Our results suggest
that irrigation for these fields could be rescheduled during foggy periods
without sacrificing plant productivity.