Datasets used in this work

Datasets used in this study are mostly publicly available, including: 1.MURA dataset, published by the StanfordML group (Stanford MURA Dataset, http://stanfordmlgroup.github.io/competitions/mura/). 2.RSNA dataset, sourced from the NIH database (https://nihcc.app.box.com/v/ChestXray-NIHCC). 3.BUS-BRA dataset, collected from systematic studies at the National Institute of Cancer (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) 4.CIFAR-10 dataset, published by the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research. The Thyroid dataset and PTC dataset are owned by the China MedAI Collaborative Research Alliance. Researchers from non-commercial entities can submit a request for cooperation by emailing the corresponding author.