Specifications of the LPS and LED street lights used in this study.

Control and experimental lighting columns in each pair were matched in terms of height (m) and output (watts) prior to switch-over. For the experimental columns, the output and illuminance readings of the LED lights after switch-over are shown in brackets. Proximity to key habitats is shown for each column. Letters denote the 12 study sites; the location of each site is shown in Fig 2. Power (watts) can reduce, but illuminance (lux) can stay the same or increase after the switch-over to LED lights. This is because LED lights are more energy efficient and the lanterns are more directional than LPS lights.