Summary statistics of mtDNA variation in ancient North East Baltic Sea region cattle from Prehistoric, Medieval, and Post-Medieval periods.

N is number of individuals sampled; S is the number of segregating sites (excluding indels); h is the number of haplotypes; Hd is the haplotype diversity; K is the average number of differences; θs is ‘Theta’ derived from the observed number of segregating sites (S); D is Tajima′s D statistic value where statistical significances P<0.05 is marked with *.π is the nucleotide diversity*10–3; The Prehistoric cohort includes two samples from Late Bronze Age and three samples from Late Iron Age. aBased on generation length of 7 years and mutation rate of 43% per million years bBased on generation length of 5 years and mutation rate of 53% per million years Summary statistics of mtDNA variation in ancient North East Baltic Sea region cattle from Prehistoric, Medieval, and Post-Medieval periods.