Global coastal springs dataset

This dataset represents the first extensive global inventory of coastal springs, including both nearshore springs, discharging close to the shoreline, and offshore springs, also known as submarine springs, discharging directly onto the ocean floor. The data was gathered through a systematic bibliographic search following PRISMA guidelines. The final list of studies used to compile the data is presented in the Excel file "References". The spring’s locations were identified directly from documents, and in cases where maps were provided, they were extracted, georeferenced in QGIS, and their coordinates recorded. Additional data on coastal springs, including altitude, lithology, discharge patterns, discharge rates, and salinity, were collected when available. In total, 1,123 springs were identified, comprising 645 offshore springs and 478 nearshore springs, with a significant concentration in the Mediterranean region. The accuracy of each spring's location was verified using Google Earth. To provide context, various geological, hydrological, climatic, land use, and oceanic variables of the coastal watersheds where the springs are located (listed in the Excel file "CWD") were extracted from available global datasets. The inventoried springs and related coastal watersheds are also provided in ESRI shapefile format for quick visualization in GIS platforms. Most of these springs are located in Europe and North America, with fewer found in Africa, South America, and southern Asia. This dataset is valuable for hydrogeologists investigating the dynamics of coastal springs across diverse climatic, hydrological, and hydrogeological settings. By analysing the context of these coastal springs, researchers and water managers can identify potential zones for coastal springs and incorporate them into water resource assessments and vulnerability studies. Additionally, the dataset serves as a crucial resource for calibrating and validating geospatial methods used for identifying springs, such as remote sensing techniques. This dataset is intended to serve as a foundational resource for the development of a more detailed global inventory of coastal springs, and it welcomes contributions and updates from researchers worldwide.本数据集为全球首个海岸泉（coastal springs）系统编目成果，涵盖两类泉眼：一类为近岸泉（nearshore springs），即向海岸线附近区域排泄的泉眼；另一类为离岸泉（offshore springs），亦称海底泉（submarine springs），即直接向洋底排泄的泉眼。本数据集的数据按照PRISMA指南开展系统性文献检索后收集得到。用于汇编本数据集的最终文献列表已收录于名为"References"的Excel文件中。泉眼的位置信息直接从文献中提取；若文献附带地图，则从地图中抽取位置信息，并通过QGIS进行地理配准，最终记录其坐标。若有可用数据，还会收集海岸泉的其他相关参数，包括海拔、岩性、排泄模式、排泄速率及盐度。本次编目共识别出1123处泉眼，其中离岸泉645处、近岸泉478处，且泉眼分布高度集中于地中海区域。所有泉眼的位置精度均通过Google Earth进行了验证。为提供背景参考信息，研究人员从公开的全球数据集中提取了泉眼所在海岸流域（相关列表收录于名为"CWD"的Excel文件中）的各类参数，涵盖地质、水文、气候、土地利用及海洋变量。本次编目的泉眼及相关海岸流域数据还以ESRI Shapefile格式提供，以便在地理信息系统（GIS）平台中快速可视化展示。大部分海岸泉分布于欧洲与北美地区，非洲、南美及南亚地区的分布数量相对较少。本数据集对于研究不同气候、水文及水文地质背景下海岸泉动态的水文地质学家而言具有重要价值。通过分析这些海岸泉的背景信息，研究人员与水资源管理者可识别出潜在的海岸泉分布区域，并将其纳入水资源评估与脆弱性研究范畴。此外，本数据集还可作为校准与验证泉眼识别空间方法（如遥感技术）的关键资源。本数据集旨在为构建更精细化的全球海岸泉编目体系提供基础支撑，同时欢迎全球研究人员贡献数据并提出更新建议。