Temperature sensitivity of mountain glaciers

<strong>Distributed summer air temperatures across mountain glaciers in the south-east Tibetan Plateau: temperature sensitivity and </strong><strong>comparison with existing glacier datasets</strong> Thomas E. Shaw¹, Wei Yang^2,3, Álvaro Ayala⁴, Claudio Bravo⁵, Chuanxi Zhao², Francesca Pellicciotti^1,6 ¹ Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research (WSL), Birmensdorf, Switzerland ² Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Beijing, China ³ CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China ⁴Centre for Advanced Studies in Arid Zones (CEAZA), La Serena, Chile ⁵ School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK ⁶Department of Geography, Northumbria University, Newcastle, UK <em>Corresponding author: Thomas E. Shaw (</em><em>[e-mail]</em><em>)</em> Keywords: Air Temperature, Glaciers, Tibetan Plateau, Temperature Sensitivity %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% <strong>Dataset provided:</strong> '<strong>Climatic_Sensitivity_Mountain_Glaciers.mat'</strong> = Matlab file with data structures for each glacier site. The following sites are: % Parameter set calculated from data on Parlung Glaciers (this study)<br> % Parameter set from Shea and Moore (2010) for Rockies- Canada (Published parameters)<br> % Parameter set from Carturan et al. (2015) for Ortles Cevedale, Italy (k1/k2 data from author)<br> % Parameter set from Shaw et al. (2017) on Tsanteleina Glacier, Italy (Reassesed parameters)<br> % Parameter set calculated from data of Bravo et al., (2019) on South Patagonian Icefield (SPI), Chile<br> % Parameter set calculated from data of Bravo et al., (2017) on Universidad Glacier, Chile<br> % Parameter set calculated from data of Ayala et al., (2015) on Arolla Glacier, Switzerland<br> % Parameter set calculated from data of Ayala et al., (2015) on JuncalNorte Glacier, Chile<br> % Parameter set calculated from data of Troxler et al., (2020) on McCall Glacier, Alaska<br> % Parameter set calculated from data of Greuell and Böhm (1998) on Pasterze Glacier, Austria<br> % Parameter set calculated from data of Rets et al., (2019) on Djankuat Glacier, Russia<br> % Parameter set calculated from data of Pradhananga et al., (2020 In prep) on Peyto Glacier, Canada <strong>Variables include:</strong> 'Name' = name of individual observation station (AWS or Temp/RH 'T-logger')<br> 'Elevation' = Elevation (m a.s.l.) of given observation station<br> 'Flowline' = The distance along the glacier flowline from an upslope summit or crest (m)<br> 'k1' = The climatic sensitivity (ratio) of on-glacier temperatures to changes in the ambient (off-glacier) air temperature below the onset of katabatic onset (following Shea and Moore, 2010)<br> 'k2' = The climatic sensitivity (ratio) of on-glacier temperatures to changes in the ambient (off-glacier) air temperature above the onset of katabatic onset (following Shea and Moore, 2010)<br> 'Tst' = The T* parameter that defines the threshold (off-glacier) temperature for katabatic conditions parameterised following Carturan et al. (2015)<br> 'T1' = The equivalent on-glacier threshold temeprature derived from k1 and Tst<br> 'DataSource' = The citation readout <br> <strong>Cited literature</strong><br> Ayala, A., Pellicciotti, F., &amp; Shea, J. (2015). Modeling 2m air temperatures over mountain glaciers: Exploring the influence of katabatic cooling and external warming. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 120, 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JD023137. <br> Bravo, C., Quincey, D. J., Ross, A. N., Rivera, A., Brock, B. W., Miles, E., &amp; Silva, A. (2019). Air Temperature Characteristics , Distribution , and Impact on Modeled Ablation for the South Patagonia Ice field. Journal of Geophysical Research : Atmospheres, 124, 907–925. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD028857 <br> Bravo, C., Lorlaux, T., Rivera, A., &amp; Brock, B. W. (2017). Assessing glacier melt contribution to streamflow at Universidad Glacier, central Andes of Chile. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 21, 3249–3266. https://doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-3249-2017 <br> Carturan, L., Cazorzi, F., De Blasi, F., &amp; Dalla Fontana, G. (2015). Air temperature variability over three glaciers in the Ortles–Cevedale (Italian Alps): effects of glacier fragmentation, comparison of calculation methods, and impacts on mass balance modeling. The Cryosphere, 9(3), 1129–1146. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-9-1129-2015 <br> Greuell, W., &amp; Böhm, R. (1998). 2 m temperatures along melting mid-latitude glaciers , and implications for the sensitivity of the mass balance to variations in temperature. Journal of Glaciology, 44(146), 9–20. <br> Rets, E. P., Popovnin, V. V, Toropov, P. A., Smirnov, A. M., Tokarev, I. V, Chizhova, J. N., … Kireeva, M. B. (2019). Djankuat glacier station in the North Caucasus , Russia : a database of glaciological , hydrological , and meteorological observations and stable isotope sampling results during 2007 – 2017. Earth System Science Data, ||, 1463–1481. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-1463-2019 <br> Shaw, T. E., Brock, B. W., Ayala, A., Rutter, N., &amp; Pellicciotti, F. (2017). Centreline and cross-glacier air temperature variability on an Alpine glacier: assessing temperature distribution methods and their influence on melt model calculations. Journal of Glaciology, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2017.65 <br> Shea, J. M., &amp; Moore, R. D. (2010). Prediction of spatially distributed regional-scale fields of air temperature and vapor pressure over mountain glaciers. Journal of Geophysical Research, 115(D23), D23107. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JD014351 <br> Troxler, P., Ayala, Á., Shaw, T. E., Nolan, M., Brock, B. W., &amp; Pellicciotti, F. (2020). Modelling spatial patterns of near-surface air temperature over a decade of melt seasons on McCall Glacier , Alaska. Journal of Glaciology, 1–15. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/jog.2020.12