Boosting Virtual Screening Enrichments with Data Fusion: Coalescing Hits from Two-Dimensional Fingerprints, Shape, and Docking

Virtual screening is an effective way to find hits in drug discovery, with approaches ranging from fast information-based similarity methods to more computationally intensive physics-based docking methods. However, the best approach to use for a given project is not clear in advance of the screen. In this work, we show that combining results from multiple methods using a standard score (Z-score) can significantly improve virtual screening enrichments over any of the single screening methods. We show that an augmented Z-score, which considers the best two out of three scores for a given compound, outperforms previously published data fusion algorithms. We use three different virtual screening methods (two-dimensional (2D) fingerprint similarity, shape-based similarity, and docking) and study two different databases (DUD and MDDR). The average enrichment in the top 1% was improved by 9% for DUD and 25% for the MDDR, compared with the top individual method. Improvements of 22% for DUD and 43% for MDDR are seen over the average of the three individual methods. Statistics are presented that show a high significance associated with the findings in this work.