MIGRAINE: ETIOLOGY, PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, AND MODERN TREATMENT APPROACHES

Migraine is a recurrent neurological disorder characterized by severe headaches, often accompanied by nausea, vomiting, photophobia, and phonophobia. Affecting approximately 15–20% of the global population, migraine is more prevalent in women and is a leading cause of disability worldwide. The disorder is multifactorial, involving genetic predisposition, neurotransmitter dysregulation, trigeminovascular system activation, and vascular changes in the brain. This article reviews the etiology, pathophysiology, and current treatment strategies for migraine. Acute attacks are managed using abortive therapies, such as triptans and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), while prophylactic therapy—including beta-blockers, anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and CGRP inhibitors—aims to reduce attack frequency and severity. Lifestyle modifications, stress management, and complementary interventions further enhance treatment efficacy. Recent research incorporating neuroimaging, genetic analysis, and clinical monitoring has advanced understanding of migraine mechanisms and enabled individualized treatment approaches. Biomarkers and patient response monitoring improve therapeutic outcomes and reduce complications. Integration of pharmacological and non-pharmacological strategies enhances patient quality of life and reduces disease burden. This review emphasizes the importance of understanding migraine pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies. A multidisciplinary approach combining modern pharmacotherapy, preventive strategies, and lifestyle modifications is essential for effective migraine management.