GEOXYGEN: A global monthly gridded dissolved oxygen product (0.5° × 0.5°)

Description GEOXYGEN is a global monthly gridded dissolved oxygen dataset from January 1960 to June 2024, on a 0.5 degree grid with 176 standard depth levels from the surface to 5500 m. The latitude grid is not strictly uniform, with higher density in the high-latitude regions. It is reconstructed using a region and depth stratified machine learning framework trained on multi source in situ oxygen observations together with objectively analyzed temperature, salinity, and environmental predictors. Observations are quality controlled through harmonization, flag screening, land removal, duplicate detection, standard level mapping, and outlier checks. The product is released as CF compliant NetCDF files for climatology and long term variability analyses. A recommended‑use note: because uncertainty in nearshore regions is substantially higher than in the open ocean, coastal and shelf applications should preferentially rely on spatially aggregated and temporally averaged fields rather than on individual native‑grid cells. User’s note: Because uncertainty in nearshore regions is substantially higher than in the open ocean, coastal and shelf applications should preferentially rely on spatially aggregated and temporally averaged fields rather than on individual native‑grid cells. Other Download link: CASODC Data content and format GEOXYGEN is distributed as CF- and ACDD-compliant NetCDF files. In version v1.0, the data are organised as monthly files named GEOXYGEN_DO_YYYYMM_0p5deg_v1.nc covering the period from January 1960 to June 2024. In total, v1.0 comprises 774 monthly NetCDF files. Each file contains a single monthly field of dissolved oxygen for all depth levels on the global grid. The main variables are: OXY — dissolved oxygen concentration (µmol kg⁻¹), dimensions: time × depth × latitude × longitude. time — monthly time coordinate, dimension: time. Units: days since 1950-01-01T00:00:00Z, Gregorian calendar. depth — standard depth levels (m, positive downward), dimension: depth. 176 levels between ~1 m and 5500 m. latitude — latitude of grid-cell centres (degrees north), dimension: latitude. longitude — longitude of grid-cell centres (degrees east), dimension: longitude. Additional global attributes follow CF-1.8 and ACDD-1.3 conventions and include, for example, dataset title, institution, keywords, spatial and temporal coverage, and processing history. How to cite. Wang, Z., Fu, W., Xue, C., and Wang, G.: GEOXYGEN: a global long-term dissolved oxygen dataset based on biogeochemistry-aware machine learning framework and multi-source observations, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 18, 3125–3146, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-18-3125-2026, 2026. Contact Email [e-mail]