Supplementary Material for: Coincidence of Takayasu arteritis and Multiple Sclerosis - narrative review and case report

Background
Takayasu arteritis (TA) and multiple sclerosis (MS) are both immune-mediated diseases that can coexist, with TA causing vascular inflammation and MS involving demyelination driven by aberrant T-cell activity. The overlap of these conditions highlights shared immune mechanisms, such as T-cell dysregulation and cytokine release, underscoring the need for a nuanced understanding of their interplay, which is explored in a narrative review of reported cases.
Summary
We narrate all reported cases of Takayasu arteritis in patients with multiple sclerosis and report the case of a 57-year-old woman with multiple sclerosis with suspected bilateral optic neuritis and typical contrast-medium enhancement in both optic nerves. Because of normal visual acuity on both eyes, malignant hypertension and fundoscopic findings indicative of hypertensive retinopathy, we diagnosed a hypertensive retinopathy with secondary contrast-medium enhancement of the optic nerves. We established antihypertensive medication and searched for secondary causes of hypertension and highly elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate, which led to the finding of large vessel wall inflammation and the diagnosis of Takayasu arteritis.
Key Messages
TA can present with a variety of ocular symptoms, including hypertensive retinopathy, retinal ischemia, and anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, often mimicking other diseases.
While rare, the coexistence of TA and MS, including cases associated with interferon-beta therapy, suggests shared immune mechanisms and underscores the need for careful monitoring of patients with MS receiving immunomodulatory treatments.
The broad spectrum of potential causes for optic nerve abnormalities necessitates a thorough evaluation to avoid misdiagnosis and ensure appropriate treatment.