Never smoker was defined as those who have not ever smoked at least one cigarette a day for 1 year or longer. Ever smoker was defined as those who have ever smoked at least one cigarette a day for 1 y
BackgroundWhile the nephrotoxicity of lead and cadmium is well-established, the impact of low-level exposure on risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and long-term health outcomes, especially in CKD pa
Background The association between serum bilirubin levels and incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population is unknown. We aimed to examine the association between serum bilirubin co
