Dynamics of interactions between three major respiratory pathogens in reconstituted human epithelium

Respiratory viral coinfections pose a substantial global health burden, yet the underlying virus–virus interactions remain incompletely understood. Here, we systematically examined the interplay among influenza A virus (IAV), SARS-CoV-2, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) using a reconstituted human airway epithelium model. We monitored viral replication dynamics and host transcriptional responses under both simultaneous and sequential infection conditions.