OECD and Major Emerging Economies Environmental-Economic Panel Dataset (1980–2023)

This comprehensive panel dataset encompasses annual observations for 15 major OECD and emerging economies spanning the period 1980 to 2023, capturing the interplay between environmental sustainability, technological innovation, and economic development. The dataset includes five core variables: carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions measured in metric tons per capita, sourced from the World Development Indicators (WDI), which track the carbon intensity of economic activity across nations; renewable energy consumption (REC) per capita measured in exajoules, obtained from the BP Statistical Review of World Energy, reflecting the transition toward cleaner energy sources; Green Technological Innovation (GTI) measured as environmental technology patent grants per million population, sourced from the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), capturing nations' commitment to developing climate-friendly technologies; economic growth proxied by GDP per capita in constant 2015 US dollars from WDI, indicating development levels and economic capacity; and trade openness measured as the percentage share of trade in GDP from WDI, representing international economic integration. This multi-decadal dataset enables rigorous analysis of the relationships between carbon emissions, renewable energy adoption, green innovation, economic development, and globalization, providing a robust empirical foundation for examining decarbonization pathways, the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis, and the role of technological innovation in achieving sustainable development across heterogeneous economic contexts during a critical period of climate policy emergence and energy transition.