Exploration of non-insecticidal management options for Bathycoelia distincta in macadamia orchards

The research focuses on the integrated pest management (IPM) of Bathycoelia distincta (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) in South Africa’s macadamia orchards. The research aims to develop environmentally friendly and sustainable management strategies to essentially reduce the industry's reliance on insecticides. Two main aims were explored to achieve this.Analyze the gut content of Bathycoelia distincta (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) to identify alternative plant hosts. This knowledge will contribute to a better understanding of the pest’s movement and feeding patterns.To assess the effectiveness of micronutrient fertilizers Verno Copper Zinc and Verno Trio (Cu, Zn, Mn) in removing the bacterial symbionts of Bathycoelia distincta (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) through surface. sterilization<br>