Mean estimate (mean standard error), standard deviation, coverage of the 95% confidence interval (%), and power at the 5% significance level (%) of the estimates from the IVW model with: 1) the <i>J</i> genetic variants (IVW); 2) robust regression; 3) penalized weights; and 4) robust regression and penalized weights (R and P) for Scenarios 2-4 with a positive causal effect (<i>θ</i> = 0.3) by the number of invalid IVs.

Results from the Lasso penalization method with the heterogeneity stopping rule, simple median, weighted median and MR-Egger methods are also provided.