Replication Data for: \"Does Wartime Violence Increase Religiosity?\"

Religious traditions are frequently turned to for meaning and support during crises, yet the impact of war on religiosity remains contested. Existing studies report religious resurgence and disillusionment, but most focus on single countries or conflicts. Using an Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis (IPD-MA) of 67 datasets from 27 armed conflicts, we synthesize evidence on whether exposure to wartime violence is associated with religiosity. We find that greater exposure is linked to increased religiosity, with effects concentrated in public practices such as service attendance and participation in religious organizations rather than in the strength of private beliefs. We also find that increased religious participation parallels increased involvement in nonreligious civic and social organizations, suggesting that wartime exposure mobilizes broader collective engagement rather than religion-specific engagement. These results help reconcile mixed findings, indicating that postconflict increases in religious activity reflect expanded communal participation more than strengthened personal faith.危机时刻，人们常诉诸宗教传统以寻求意义与精神慰藉，但战争对宗教虔诚度（religiosity）的影响仍存在争议。现有研究既有宗教复兴的相关报道，也有宗教幻灭的记录，但此类研究大多仅聚焦于单一国家或单一冲突场景。本研究依托涵盖27场武装冲突、67个数据集的个体参与者数据元分析（Individual Participant Data Meta-Analysis，IPD-MA），整合分析了战时暴力暴露与宗教虔诚度之间的关联。研究发现，更高水平的战时暴力暴露与宗教虔诚度提升存在显著关联，且该效应主要集中于宗教仪式出席、宗教组织参与等公共宗教实践维度，而非私人信仰的坚定程度。此外，本研究还观察到，宗教参与度的提升与非宗教公民及社会组织参与度的提升呈现同步趋势，这表明战时暴力暴露所动员的是更广泛的集体参与，而非仅局限于宗教领域的参与行为。上述研究结果有助于调和此前的分歧性结论，表明冲突后宗教活动的增加更多反映的是社群参与的扩大，而非个人信仰的强化。