Characteristic of the included primary studies.

Legend: AAS = Abuse Assessment Screen. CAGE = Cut down, Annoyed, Guilty, Eye-opener (alcoholism screening tool). CAS = Composite Abuse Scale. CG = Control Group. CTS = Conflict Tactics Scale. CTS2 = revised Conflict Tactics Scale. EPDS = Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. IG = Intervention Group. IRR = Incidence Rate Ratio. LIFE = Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Examination. MOS-SF = Medical Outcomes Scale - Short Form. NCM = Nurse Case Management. MCS = Mental Components Scores (SF36). PCS = Physical Components Scores (SF36). PPP = Prenatal Psychosocial Profile. PSI-SF = Parenting Stress Index – Short Form. SCID-NP = Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV Axis Disorders – Nonpatient Version. SF36 = Short Form Health Survey. SVAWS = Severity of Violence Against Women Scale.