Plankton and benthic foraminiferal dataset for the study of the Eocene-Oligocene transition

The Eocene–Oligocene transition (EOT) was the crucial turning point when Earth’s climate shifted to its current cool state. Understanding how life responded to this “warmhouse-to-icehouse” shift was limited by the absence of high-resolution fossil data. Here, we use a novel AI algorithm to construct a 28-myr-long species richness history of foraminifera with ~26,000-year resolution. A significant richness decline occurred during the EOT, eliminating 74% of species. Planktonic and larger benthic foraminiferal extinctions are associated with rapid cooling, sea-level fall, and positive carbon isotopic excursion. However, small benthic foraminifera in deep oceans experienced a two-phase biocrisis coinciding with changes in food supply and volcanic activity. These findings reveal complicated, ecologically differentiated environment-life processes and the need to reconsider other major bioevents in deep time., All the data were collected through the OneStratigraphy Database. The raw dataset contained 13,138 local bio-events records (i.e., first and last appearance records) and ~60,000 occurrences of 2,988 taxonomic units from 163 published stratigraphic sections, encompassing both calcareous and agglutinated foraminifera. These sections, including drill cores and outcrops, are widely distributed in the present oceans and continents such as Europe, Africa, and Asia. The dataset was first cleaned by excluding open nomenclature, such as sp./spp. (646), aff. (63), and question marks for species names (6). Nevertheless, the conferring species (cf.; 169) and the group species (ex gr.; 27) were preserved and assigned to the referenced species. Taxonomic assignments below the species level (i.e., subspecies and variety) were mostly integrated into the species level. All non-foraminifera fossils were removed. The dataset after cleaning was then verified by a foraminiferal taxonomic expert (Peiyue Fang..., , # **Plankton and benthic foraminiferal dataset for the study of the Eocene-Oligocene transition**

[https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jh9w0vtk5](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.jh9w0vtk5)

We have submitted our raw data in both computable and readable formats, including a CSV file titled \"EOT_forams_Readable.csv\". Additionally, we have compiled a comprehensive package, \"EOT_forams_CONOP.zip\", which encompasses the computable dataset (\"EOT_forams_Computable.csv\"), data transfer software (\"SinoCor2CONOP.exe\"), software for CONOP configuration and initialization (\"CONMAN.exe\" and \"CONOPDataInitialization-V2.exe\"), the primary CONOP software (\"CONOP++.exe\") along with its required dependency files (such as \"Qt5Gui.dll\"), and documentation (README.md and README.txt). This package is for analyzing foraminiferal data during the Eocene-Oligocene transition (EOT) using the CONstrained OPtimization (CONOP) computational approach. This collection enables researchers to achieve high-resolution insights i...