METABOLIC AND HORMONAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH DISRUPTION OF DAILY ROUTINES

This article analyzes the effects of sleep disorders, including insomnia, sleep apnea, and chronic sleep deprivation, on metabolism and the endocrine system. Sleep deprivation disrupts the balance between leptin and ghrelin, increases cortisol levels and insulin resistance, and consequently raises the risk of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The article also examines the role of dietary patterns and nutrient metabolism in regulating appetite, glucose homeostasis, and lipid metabolism. It is demonstrated that peripheral circadian clocks in the liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, and pancreas are primarily synchronized by meal timing.