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Figure 3. Periodontal consortia associated with periodontal diseases. Columns represent observed (dark) and expected (dashed) counts of different bacteria combined and as single species in subgingival biofilm samples. (A) Consortia exclusively predominant in patients with periodontitis (n=209). (B) F. alocis (Fa) + P. gingivalis (Pg) were frequently detected in both gingivitis (n=91) and periodontitis samples. The combination of D. pneumosintes (Dp) + F. alocis (Fa) was rarely detected in gingivitis, but frequently observed in periodontitis. *Significant differences between observed and expected counts (χ2 test; p<0.05).