Fast-slow traits predict competition network structure and its response to resources and enemies

Plants interact in complex networks but how network structure depends on resources, natural enemies, and species resource-use strategy remains poorly understood. Here, we quantified competition networks among 18 plants varying in fast-slow strategy, by testing how increased nutrient availability and reduced foliar pathogens affected intra- and inter-specific interactions. Our results show that nitrogen and pathogens altered several aspects of network structure, often in unexpected ways due to fast and slow-growing species responding differently. Nitrogen addition increased competition asymmetry in slow-growing networks, as expected, but decreased it in fast-growing networks. Pathogen reduction made networks more even and less skewed because pathogens targeted weaker competitors. Surprisingly, pathogens and nitrogen dampened each other’s effect. Our results show that plant growth strategy is key to understanding how competition responds to resources and enemies, a prediction from classic theories that has rarely been tested by linking functional traits to competition networks.