Supplementary File

<b>Objective:</b> This study determined the acute effect of limb and whole-body heating on time-dependent changes of brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD). <b>Methods:</b> Twenty adults (10F/10M; 28 ± 6 yrs; 64 ± 10 kg; 1.7 ± 0.1 m) were exposed to: i) 10 minutes of forearm heating using an electric blanket (EB); ii) 30 minutes of forearm immersion in 40°C water (WI); iii) 60 minutes of whole-body heating with the arm used to assess FMD covered (WBH-C) or uncovered (WHB-U) by a water-perfused suit. FMD was measured before, as well as ≤5, 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after each intervention. <b>Results:</b> Shear rate increased during WI (+161 ± 63 s^-1, P&lt;0.01), WBH-U (+197 ± 71 s^-1, P&lt;0.01) and WBH-C (+202 ± 62 s^-1, P&lt;0.01), but not EB (+9 ± 9 s^-1, P=0.12). FMD was greater 30 minutes following EB (+2.2 ± 2.8%; P=0.02); 30 (+2.8 ± 3.3%; P&lt;0.01) and 90 (+3.2 ± 4.2%; P=0.01) minutes following WI, and; 60 minutes following WBH-U (+1.8 ± 3.1%; P=0.04). Conversely, FMD was lower immediately post WBH-C (-8.1 ± 4.1%; P&lt;0.01) and WBH-U (-6.1 ± 4.0%; P&lt;0.01). Post heating FMD was greater in females for EB (P=0.02), WBH-C and WBH-U (both P&lt;0.01), but not WI (P=0.18). <b>Conclusions:</b> These results demonstrate that heating exerts an acute effect upon brachial artery FMD that depends upon the heating stimulus, the timeline of measurement and the sex of the participants. These findings will help design future studies evaluating the acute effect of heat exposure on endothelial function.