SnowMicroPen (SMP) force profiles collected during November, 2023 (event K892B) in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica.

The SnowMicroPen (SMP) is a portable device for high-resolution _in situ_ measurements of penetration resistance in snow and can be correlated to snow microstructure (density, specific surface area, snow type). The penetration force is measured using a piezo-electric sensor and is digitally recorded every 4 micrometers vertically. The SMP signal may be used to infer stratigraphy, snow type, and snow microstructure at a vertical resolution of 1-4 mm. Based on the force signal, density and specific surface-area parameterizations are calculated. Through horizontally repeat measurements, the SMP data may be used to relate detailed point-scale snow profiles to a larger sampling area and provide information about the spatial variability of snow stratigraphy and physical snow properties. In November 2023 a SMP was used as part of an Antarctica New Zealand campaign, that supported our (AAS4406) partner Marsden grant. The goal was to investigate snow and sea-ice properties using specialised instruments flown beneath a twin otter aircraft. Airborne data were extended at increased horizontal and vertical resolution by a ground-based team who undertook on-ice measurements of sea ice and snow characteristics using instruments such as the SMP and Magnaprobe. Additional sites were also investigated to aid other research projects in the region.

This dataset consists of 451 SMP profiles. All test, calibration and invalid measurements have been removed from these data except those explicitly flagged with scott-base-test-site.

These data are binary PNT files that contain force profiles from the instrument, they can be processed using the open source python package, snowmicropyn. The files have also been converted to csv, but if possible, it is recommended to use the original pnt files.

Metadata csv: included in the download file.

Measurement site flags:

scott-base-test-site are the first measurements taken for the season to check the function of the instrument.

Sites S01 to S07 were overflown by the Twin Otter carrying the snow radar. They are aligned East West. Transects were 30 meters long with measurements taken every meter for 31 measurements per site. S01 captures snow conditions across the glacial ice shelf to sea ice transition and has approximately 3 measurements per meter with a total of 92 measurements.

Sites A1 and A2 are located further north in McMurdo sound.

The SIMS23 site is the location of the University of Otago sea-ice mass-balance station, it was removed shortly after the SMP measurements, these were taken as part of a broader effort to characterise the site.

IS2CS2EW and IS2CS2NS are two 30 meter transects taken east west and north south respectively near the intersection of ICESat-2 and CryoSat-2 flight paths. This site was chosen to have satellite coverage along with the airborne measurements on the Twin Otter.

雪微穿透仪（SnowMicroPen，SMP）是一款用于对积雪穿透阻力进行高分辨率原位（in situ）测量的便携式设备，其测量结果可与积雪微观结构（密度、比表面积、积雪类型）建立关联。该设备采用压电传感器测量穿透阻力，并以每4微米的垂直步长进行数字化记录。通过SMP采集的信号，可在1~4毫米的垂直分辨率下反演积雪层理、积雪类型及积雪微观结构。基于穿透阻力信号，可计算得到积雪密度与比表面积的参数化结果。通过开展水平重复测量，SMP数据可将单点尺度的详细积雪剖面与更大范围的采样区域建立关联，并提供积雪层理与积雪物理属性的空间变异性信息。

2023年11月，一台SMP被用于新西兰南极科考项目，该项目依托我方（AAS4406）合作方的马斯登研究基金开展。本次科考的目标是通过搭载于双水獭（Twin Otter）飞机下方的专用科考设备，对积雪与海冰属性开展调查。地面科考团队通过SMP、玛格纳探测杆（Magnaprobe）等设备开展冰上积雪与海冰特性测量，将机载数据的水平与垂直分辨率进一步提升。此外，科考团队还对该区域内的其他点位开展了测量，以支持当地其他科研项目的开展。

本数据集共包含451条SMP积雪剖面数据。所有测试、校准与无效测量数据均已从数据集中剔除，仅保留明确标记为scott-base-test-site（斯科特基地测试点位）的相关数据。

本数据集采用二进制PNT格式文件存储，内含设备采集的穿透阻力剖面数据，可通过开源Python软件包snowmicropyn进行处理。部分文件已转换为CSV格式，但如有条件，建议优先使用原始PNT格式文件。

元数据CSV文件：已包含在下载包中。

测量点位标记说明：
scott-base-test-site（斯科特基地测试点位）：为本季首批测量数据，用于验证设备运行状态。

S01至S07点位：搭载雪层雷达的双水獭飞机对上述点位进行了飞越观测。所有点位均沿东西向布设，每条测线长30米，每隔1米采集一组数据，每个点位共完成31次测量。其中S01点位覆盖冰川冰架至海冰的过渡区域积雪状况，每米约采集3组数据，总计92次测量。

A1与A2点位：位于麦克默多湾（McMurdo Sound）更北侧区域。

SIMS23点位：为奥塔哥大学海冰质量平衡观测站所在地，该观测站在SMP测量完成后不久即被拆除。本次SMP测量是该点位全面特性表征工作的一部分。

IS2CS2EW与IS2CS2NS点位：为两条长30米的测线，分别沿东西向与南北向布设，位于ICESat-2与CryoSat-2卫星飞行轨道的交点附近。该点位被选为同时获取卫星观测与双水獭飞机机载观测数据的协同观测区域。