VPRS 12893 General Ledgers

Public sector accounting systems comprise a structured collection of records which together document the financial transactions of the public agency. At the most basic level the flow of information between the integral components, or records, within the system is indicated by the following diagram:Accounting systems comprise a structured collection of records which together document financial transactions. At the most basic level the flow of information between the integral components, or records, within the system is indicated by the following diagram:From cash books and journals, sub-totals for expenditure and revenue were consolidated into subsidiary ledgers. Figures in subsidiary ledgers were used to compile totals of income and expenditure that were recorded in the general ledger. Categories of income and expenditure were then aggregated under account segments for use in financial statements.The flow of information, however, is not always this straightforward.Source DocumentsExamples include receipt books, cheque butts, vouchers etc. Information is extracted from these documents and entered chronologically, in full or summary form, into cash books or journals. This process is called journalizing.Cash BooksA cash book is a combination of a book of original entry (ie. a journal) and the ledger account for cash (often including the bank account). As a book of original entry it is used to record receipt and payment transactions in chronological order. Following a standard format, cash (and cheque) receipts are entered on the lefthand side of the book, and cash (and cheque) payments are recorded on the righthand side. These amounts are then 'posted' to the relevant ledger accounts which are identified either by ledger folio numbers or account numbers. As the cash book is also a replacement of the ledger account for cash, it is balanced at regular intervals.Journals (Specific and General)The prime function of a journal is to facilitate the 'posting' of credit and debit transactions into the appropriate ledger accounts. Like the cash book the journal is a book of original entry which records transactions in chronological order. Specific journals are often maintained to summarise information about similar types of transactions, including cash transactions, eg. cash receipts journal, wages and stores journal. General journals, on the other hand, provide a convenient record of other transactions, including adjustments to ledger accounts (to correct errors for example) and the sale or purchase of assets.Journals may also be used to record the posting of amounts from one account to another (particularly common at the end of a financial year). The relevant accounts are identified either by the ledger folio number or an account number.Ledgers (Subsidiary and General)Ledgers comprise a record of changes (debit and credit transactions) concerning one or more accounts. The makeup (classification) of accounts is arbitrary and usually depends on the functions of the agency and the regulations governing its financial reporting requirements. Transactions are posted to the ledger accounts from the cash books and journals. The source of the posting is usually indicated by a combination of folio numbers and an abbreviation of the source record eg. 'C' or 'CB'=Cash Book, 'J'=Journal, 'PC'=Petty Cash Book etc.Subsidiary ledgers are often maintained to facilitate a division of responsibilities within a large account, or to provide a separate record of a particular account.A general ledger, however, comprises all accounts necessary for the compilation of the finance statements required by the agency. If subsidiary ledgers are used it is common for a general ledger to include a single account which represents the totals of the transactions of the accounts in each of the subsidiary ledgers. This device is called a 'control account'.Finance StatementsExamples include Statements of Operations, Balance Sheets, Profit and Loss Statements.Finance statements provide the final summary of the agency's financial situation at a particular point in time. They are usually compiled once a year and published with an annual report, although they may be compiled at more regular intervals. The types of statements and their format are generally determined by legislative requirements, and these in turn determine the nature of the accounts required to be maintained.

公共部门会计系统（Public sector accounting systems）是一套结构化的记录集合，用于完整记录公共机构的各类财务交易。在最基础的层面，系统内各核心组成部分（或记录）之间的信息流可通过如下图示说明：会计系统是一套结构化的记录集合，用于完整记录财务交易。在最基础的层面，系统内各核心组成部分（或记录）之间的信息流可通过如下图示说明：从现金簿（cash books）与日记账中，支出与收入的分项总额会被汇总至明细分类账（subsidiary ledgers）。明细分类账中的数据将用于编制总分类账（general ledger）中的收入与支出总额。随后，收入与支出类别会按照账户类别进行归集，用于编制财务报表（financial statements）。不过，信息流并非始终如此简单直接。

原始凭证（source documents）
示例包括收据簿、支票存根、凭证等。信息从这些凭证中提取后，会按时间顺序以完整或汇总形式录入现金簿或日记账，该过程称为日记账登记（journalizing）。

现金簿（cash books）
现金簿是原始分录簿（original entry，即日记账）与现金账户（通常包含银行账户）账簿的结合体。作为原始分录簿，它用于按时间顺序记录收款与付款交易。按照标准格式，现金（及支票）收款录入账簿左侧，现金（及支票）付款记录于右侧。随后这些金额会过账至相关的分类账户，可通过账页编号（ledger folio）或账户编号进行标识。由于现金簿同时替代了现金分类账户，因此需要定期进行余额结算。

日记账（Specific and General Journals）
日记账的核心功能是便于将借贷（debit and credit）交易过账至对应的分类账户。与现金簿类似，日记账也是按时间顺序记录交易的原始分录簿。专用日记账通常用于汇总同类交易的信息，包括现金交易，例如现金收款日记账、工资与物料日记账。普通日记账则用于便捷记录其他交易，包括对分类账户的调整（例如更正差错）以及资产的购销。日记账也可用于记录金额从一个账户过账至另一个账户的操作（在财务年末尤为常见），相关账户可通过账页编号或账户编号进行标识。

分类账（Subsidiary and General Ledgers）
分类账用于记录一个或多个账户的变动（借贷交易）。账户的构成（分类）具有任意性，通常取决于机构的职能以及监管其财务报告要求的法规。交易从现金簿和日记账过账至分类账户，过账的来源通常通过账页编号与源记录缩写组合标识，例如"C"或"CB"代表现金簿，"J"代表日记账，"PC"代表零用现金簿（petty cash book）等。明细分类账通常用于在大型账户中划分职责，或为特定账户提供单独的记录。总分类账则包含编制机构所需财务报表所需的全部账户。若使用明细分类账，总分类账通常会包含一个单一账户，用于汇总各明细分类账中账户的交易总额，该账户称为"统驭账户（control account）"。

财务报表（Finance Statements）
示例包括运营表（Statements of Operations）、资产负债表（Balance Sheets）、损益表（Profit and Loss Statements）。财务报表提供机构在特定时点的财务状况最终汇总结果，通常每年编制一次并随年度报告一同发布，但也可按更短的间隔编制。报表的类型与格式通常由法定要求（legislative requirements）确定，而这些要求又反过来决定了需维护的账户类型。