Table 2 & Appendix A. Properties of operations injecting CO2 into saline aquifers

The experience from CO2 injection at pilot projects (Frio, Ketzin, Nagaoka, US Regional Partnerships) and existing commercial operations (Sleipner, Snøhvit, In Salah, acid-gas injection) demonstrates that CO2 geological storage in saline aquifers is technologically feasible. Monitoring and verification technologies have been tested and demonstrated to detect and track the CO2 plume in different subsurface geological environments. By the end of 2008, approximately 20 Mt of CO2 had been successfully injected into saline aquifers by existing operations. Currently, the highest injection rate and total storage volume for a single storage operation are approximately 1 Mt CO2/year and 25 Mt, respectively. If carbon capture and storage (CCS) is to be an effective option for decreasing greenhouse gas emissions, commercial-scale storage operations will require orders of magnitude larger storage capacity than accessed by the existing sites. As a result, new demonstration projects will need to develop and test injection strategies that consider multiple injection wells and the optimisation of the usage of storage space. To accelerate large-scale CCS deployment, demonstration projects should be selected that can be readily employed for commercial use; i.e. projects that fully integrate the capture, transport and storage processes at an industrial emissions source.试点项目（Frio、Ketzin、Nagaoka、美国区域合作项目）与现有商业运营项目（Sleipner、Snøhvit、In Salah、酸性气体注入项目）的二氧化碳注入实践经验表明，咸水层（saline aquifer）二氧化碳地质封存技术在技术层面具备可行性。监测与验证技术已完成测试与验证，可在各类地下地质环境中检测并追踪二氧化碳羽流（CO₂ plume）。截至2008年底，现有运营项目已成功向咸水层注入约20 Mt二氧化碳。当前，单个封存项目的最高注入速率约为1 Mt CO₂/年，总封存容量约为25 Mt。若要使碳捕获与封存（CCS）成为减少温室气体排放的有效手段，商业规模的封存运营所需的封存容量将比现有站点的可用容量高出数个数量级。为此，新型示范项目需开发并测试兼顾多注入井布设与封存空间利用优化的注入策略。为加速碳捕获与封存（CCS）的大规模部署，应遴选可直接投入商业应用的示范项目，即完全整合工业排放源处捕获、运输与封存全流程的项目。